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1.
The initial management of bladder outflow obstruction typically related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) falls to a large extent within the remit of general practice. Referral onwards to secondary care typically arises following the failure to respond to conservative measures or when complications have supervened; the most significant of which is urinary retention. In the hospital setting, anaesthesia, constipation and immobility are the common precipitants. What follows is a practical guide to the management of these situations and provides an overview of the conservative, medical, minimally invasive and surgical treatments available. 相似文献
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Fabio Ghezzi Maurizio Serati Antonella Cromi Stefano Uccella Stefano Salvatore Paola Triacca Pierfrancesco Bolis 《International urogynecology journal》2006,17(4):335-339
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure in women with urodynamic stress incontinence diagnosed as having intrinsic sphincteric deficiency (ISD). The combination of a maximal urethral closure pressure <20 cm H2O and a Valsalva leak point pressure <60 cm H2O was considered as diagnostic of ISD. Subjects with detrusor overactivity on preoperative urodynamics were excluded. A total of 35 patients with both low closure pressure and leak point pressure were enrolled. Bladder perforation occurred in three (8.6%) cases. Postoperative urinary voiding difficulties occurred in nine (25.7%) women. Two patients underwent surgical detension of the tape, with complete resolution of urinary retention and no relapse of incontinence. Women with postoperative voiding dysfunction had a significantly lower detrusorial pressure at the peak flow on preoperative urodynamics compared to those who voided efficiently after TVT. The mean (range) follow-up time was 12.5 months (3–36). The objective cure rate for stress incontinence was 91.4%. Two of the three (66%) patients in whom the TVT procedure failed had a fixed urethra. De novo urge incontinence was found in five (14.3%) patients. 相似文献
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Alberto Bacchi-Modena Pierfrancesco Bolis Carlo Campagnoli Fiorenzo De Cicco Michele Meschia Francesco Pansini Roberto Pisati Gabriele Hüls 《Maturitas》1997,27(3):285-292
Objectives: To assess the efficacy and tolerability of a new matrix patch delivering 0.05 mg estradiol per day (Estraderm MX 50) in postmenopausal women with moderate to severe postmenopausal symptoms. Methods: A multicenter, double-blin, randomized, between-patient, placebo controlled trial in 109 postmenopausal women was carried out. Patches were applied twice weekly for 12 weeks. Patients were assessed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment. The primary efficacy variable was change from baseline in mean number of moderate to severe hot flushes (including night sweats) per 24 h during the last 2 weeks of treatment. Other variables included Kupperman Index, local and systemic tolerability. Plasma concentrations of estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and estrone sulfate (E1S) were determined before and after treatment. Results: Estraderm MX was significantly superior to placebo (P < 0.001) in reducing mean number of moderate to severe hot flushes (including night sweats) per 24 h after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment. The estimate of treatment group differences after 12 weeks was 4.2 hot flushes (95% confidence interval: 2.6–5.5). Estraderm MX also significantly reduced Kupperman Index at all time points compared to placebo (P < 0.001). Estraderm MX induced increases in mean E2, E1 and E1S plasma levels as expected (E2: baseline 2.7 pg/ml, 12 weeks 38.9 pg/ml; E1: baseline 18.8 pg/ml, 12 weeks 41.6 pg/ml; E1S: baseline 235.6 pg/ml, 12 weeks 765.1 pg/ml). Overall rates of adverse experiences were similar for Estraderm MX and placebo. The number of patients reporting skin irritation was low and similar in both groups. Conclusions: Estraderm MX 50, a new matrix patch, offers an effective and well tolerated dosage form for transdermal delivery of 0.05 mg E2 per day. 相似文献
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Background
There is currently an unprecedented expressed need and demand for estimates of maternal mortality in developing countries. This has been stimulated in part by the creation of a Millennium Development Goal that will be judged partly on the basis of reductions in maternal mortality by 2015. 相似文献7.
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The CTLA-4 gene region of chromosome 2q33 is linked to, and associated with, type 1 diabetes. Belgian Diabetes Registry 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
Nistico L; Buzzetti R; Pritchard LE; Van der Auwera B; Giovannini C; Bosi E; Larrad MT; Rios MS; Chow CC; Cockram CS; Jacobs K; Mijovic C; Bain SC; Barnett AH; Vandewalle CL; Schuit F; Gorus FK; Tosi R; Pozzilli P; Todd JA 《Human molecular genetics》1996,5(7):1075-1080
Susceptibility to autoimmune insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus
is determined by a combination of environmental and genetic factors, which
include variation in MHC genes on chromosome 6p21 (IDDM1) and the insulin
gene on chromosome 11p15 (IDDM2). However, linkage to IDDM1 and IDDM2
cannot explain the clustering of type 1 diabetes in families, and a role
for other genes is inferred. In the present report we describe linkage and
association of type 1 diabetes to the CTLA-4 gene (cytotoxic T lymphocyte
associated-4) on chromosome 2q33 (designated IDDM12). CTLA-4 is a strong
candidate gene for T cell- mediated autoimmune disease because it encodes a
T cell receptor that mediates T cell apoptosis and is a vital negative
regulator of T cell activation. In addition, we provide supporting evidence
that CTLA-4 is associated with susceptibility to Graves' disease, another
organ- specific autoimmune disease.
相似文献
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