Pathological unit and the octagonal en bloc resection of thoracic ossification ligamentum flavum

<正>Objective To describe the pathological unit and octagonal en bloc resection for the treatment of ossification ligamentum flavum(OLF)in thoracic spine with spondylotic myelopathy.Methods Ninety-five patients from January 2002 to January 2007     

经根黄通道八边形游离整块切除胸椎上关节突及骨化黄韧带

目的:探讨经根黄通道应用八边形游离整块切除胸椎上关节突及骨化黄韧带法治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化合并脊髓病的疗效.方法:2002年1月～2007年1月共收治胸椎黄韧带骨化合并脊髓病患者90例,男58例,女32例:年龄32～79岁.平均54.2岁.患者术前主要存在感觉障碍和下肢疼痛、麻木83例,束带感69例,括约肌功能障碍53例.以CT仿真内窥镜及三维同步定位像观察椎管内的骨化黄韧带及其毗邻关系结构.采用经根黄通道八边形游离整块切除胸椎上关节突及骨化黄韧带.用JOA括约肌功能评分和下肢运动功能评分以及运动功能恢复率评估疗效.结果:CT三维重建下,90例患者均见根黄通道的存在.手术均取得成功,手术时间2.7±0.8h,出血量260±120ml.85例术后症状立即缓解,无术后加重期.5例发生脑脊液漏,经对症处理后痊愈.病例随访13～38个月,平均23.2个月.83例感觉障碍及下肢麻木疼痛者完全恢复66例,部分恢复17例.69例束带感者恢复67例.术后括约肌功能JOA评分为2.55±0.34分,与术前(2.27±0.54分)比较差异有显著性(P<0.01):术后运动JOA评分为3.68±0.43分,与术前(1.53±0.86分)比较差异有显著性(P<.01).恢复率平均为86.48%.疗效优良率为95.56%.结论:经根黄通道八边形游离整块切除胸椎上关节突及骨化黄韧带减压充分、相对安全和简便.     

Smith-Robinson技术切除后纵韧带并金属植入物内固定治疗单节段 颈椎间盘突出症

背景：Smith-Robinson技术结合金属植入物内固定已广泛用于治疗单节段颈椎间盘症,但是否切除后纵韧带仍有争议。 目的：观察Smith-Robinson技术切除后纵韧带并金属植入物内固定治疗单节段颈椎间盘突出症的疗效。 方法：回顾性分析2005/2008天津医科大学总医院骨科Smith-Robinson技术切除后纵韧带,使用Cage植骨融合、钛板螺钉置入内固定治疗的45例单节段颈椎间盘突出患者的临床资料。 结果与结论：治疗后随访12~36个月,随访12个月时JOA评分较治疗前明显提高(P < 0.05),目测类比疼痛评分较治疗前明显降低(P < 0.05),Cobb角、椎间隙高度较治疗前明显改善(P > 0.05),最终融合率100%,未出现Cage移位。疗效评价,30例优,13例良,2例可,无症状加重者,末次随访优良率95.6%。说明通过Smith-Robinson技术切除后纵韧带即能够实现对脊髓、神经根的彻底减压,又能有效防止椎间隙坍陷、成角畸形等并发症。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化的病理单元及分层八边手术法

目的 描述胸椎黄韧带骨化(ossification of ligamentum flavum,OLF)的病理单元并介绍分层八边法手术,探讨OLF病理单元的意义和分层八边法手术疗效.方法 2002年1月至2007年1月,手术治疗胸椎OLF合并脊髓病患者95例,男61例,女34例;年龄31～78岁,平均53.9岁.上胸段32例,中胸段24例,下胸段39例.单节段骨化53例,双节段骨化38例,三节段骨化4例,共141个OLF节段.用CT三维同步定位像观察脊柱OLF脊柱结构.用日本骨科协会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)括约肌功能评分和下肢运动功能评分以及运动功能恢复率评估疗效.结果 CT多平面重建观察骨化黄韧带病理单元共141个.每个病理单元规定为:与OLF所附着的关节突相邻上、下椎弓根下缘延长线之间包含的脊柱所有生理和OLF病理结构.术后随访24～60个月,平均38.3个月.术前感觉障碍及下肢麻木86例,术后完全恢复67例、部分恢复19例;术前束带感69例,均完全恢复.术前括约肌功能JOA评分为(2.262±0.561)分,术后为(2.651±0.334)分;术前运动功能JOA评分为(1.539±0.873)分,术后为(3.694±0.429)分;恢复率平均为87.57%.疗效评价:优71例、良19例、可5例,优良率为94.74%.结论 OLF病理单元更完全、准确地概括OLF的病理结构,分层八边法手术减压充分、安全.     

Smith-Robinson技术切除后纵韧带并金属植入物内固定治疗单节段颈椎间盘突出症

背景:Smith-Robinson技术结合金属植入物内固定已广泛用于治疗单节段颈椎间盘症,但是否切除后纵韧带仍有争议。目的:观察Smith-Robinson技术切除后纵韧带并金属植入物内固定治疗单节段颈椎间盘突出症的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2005/2008天津医科大学总医院骨科Smith-Robinson技术切除后纵韧带,使用Cage植骨融合、钛板螺钉置入内固定治疗的45例单节段颈椎间盘突出患者的临床资料。结果与结论:治疗后随访12~36个月,随访12个月时JOA评分较治疗前明显提高(P<0.05),目测类比疼痛评分较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),Cobb角、椎间隙高度较治疗前明显改善(P>0.05),最终融合率100%,未出现Cage移位。疗效评价,30例优,13例良,2例可,无症状加重者,末次随访优良率95.6%。说明通过Smith-Robinson技术切除后纵韧带即能够实现对脊髓、神经根的彻底减压,又能有效防止椎间隙坍陷、成角畸形等并发症。     

扩大后壁减压术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化

目的 介绍扩大后壁减压术(显露根袖起始部)治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)合并脊髓病,并探讨其疗效.方法 1998年1月至2005年12月,采用扩大后壁减压手术治疗颈椎OPLL患者82例.男47例,女35例;年龄39～84岁,平均57岁.节段型31例,连续型40例,混合型11例.手术前后用日本矫形外科学会(JOA)评分判定神经功能;用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价颈肩痛程度;用Ishihara法测定颈椎曲率指数(cervical curvature index,CCI);在MRI上测量脊髓扩大和后移程度.结果 手术平均减压5.2(4～6)个节段.全部病例随访13～58个月,平均41个月.术后JOA评分平均为13.9(11～17)分,较术前[10.9(7～15)分]有显著改善(t=14.65,P＜0.01),临床效果优良率为98.7%.仅2例出现C5神经根麻痹,为一过性.术后颈肩痛VAS评分平均为1.4(1～3)分,较术前[5.3(4～6)分]明显缓解(t=15.46,P＜0.01).术后CCI平均为10.5%,较术前(18.8%)下降(t=5.03,P＜0.01),但未发生颈脊髓再次受压.MRI测量:最狭窄处硬膜囊平均横截面积由85.4 mm2增至153.8 mm2,较术前增加80.1%(t=16.33,P＜0.01);颈脊髓较术前所在位置平均向后移动6.2mm(t=15.35,P＜0.01).结论 显露根袖起始部的扩大后壁减压术能使脊髓充分后移,减压彻底,降低脊髓轴位张力,避免C5神经根麻痹,术后无颈椎脱位或半脱位,未出现颈脊髓受压复发情况.

Abstract：

Objective To introduce the surgical strategy of enlarged laminectomy (with partial facet joint dissection to expose the nerve root), and to discuss its benefit for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament(OPLL) with myelopathy. Methods Totally 82 patients with cervical OPLL were treated by enlarged laminectomy from January 1998 to December 2005. There were 47 males and 35 females, with an average age of 57 years (ranged, 39-84 years). Among them, there were 31 cases of the solitary type, 40 cases of the continuous type, and 11 cases of the mixed type. JOA scoring system and the visual analogue scale (VAS) scoring were applied to evaluate the neurological function and neck/shoulder pain respectively.Ishihara method was employed to measure cervical curvature index(CCI). The degree of spinal cord backward expanding and displacement were calculated in MR1. Results The mean decompression length was 5.2 (4-6) segments. The mean follow-up duration was 41 months (ranged, 13-58 months). JOA score has improved from 10.9(7-15) preoperatively to 13.9(11-17) postoperatively (t=14.65, P＜0.01). The excellent and good rate was 98.7%. The palsy of C5 nerve root occurred in only 2 patients, both recovered after surgery. Zhe mean postoperative VAS score was 1.4(1-3), comparing with the preoperative score of 5.3 (4-6). The pain in neck/shoulder was alleviated obviously (t=15.46, P＜0.01 ). CCI decreased from 18.8% to 10.5%(t=5.03, P＜0.01 ),but did not follow by neuron function deterioration. MRI indicated that the cross-sectional area at the level of maximum compression of the dural sac increased from 85.4 mm2 preoperatively to 153.8 mm2 postoperatively (t=16.33, P＜0.01), and the mean spinal cord posterior shift was 6.2 mm (t=15.35, P＜0.01). Conclusion The enlarged laminectomy is proved to be effective in treating cervical OPLL, in terms of significant posterior shift of the spinal cord, relief of cervical/shoulder pain, lower rate of the palsy of C5 nerve root, with no recurrence of spinal cord compression symptom.     

后前入路治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴双侧关节突绞锁

目的 探讨后前路减压、前路固定治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴双侧关节突绞锁的可行性及临床效果.方法 2000年3月至2008年5月,手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴双侧关节突绞锁37例.男21例,女16例;年龄19-58岁,平均42岁.颈椎屈曲牵张(distraction-flexion stage,DFS)损伤3型24例,4型13例.所有患者术前均行X线、CT及MR检查.用后前路手术减压解除绞锁,然后复位、前路融合并行锁定钛板内固定术治疗.以美国国立急性脊髓损伤研究组(NASCIS)和国际截瘫学会(IMSOP)1990年推荐的脊髓损伤神经定位标准,判断颈椎脊髓损伤的平面.ASIA分级判断脊髓恢复情况.术后每个月摄X线片和CT扫描观察复位及植骨融合情况,骨融合后每半年摄片一次.结果 手术时间为(4.5±0.5)h,术中出血200～500ml(平均360ml),切口均一期愈合.术后所有患者均恢复颈椎椎体的正常序列.相邻节段固定为23例,跨节段固定13例,1例为四节段固定.术后随访16～45个月,平均32个月.术后X线及CT检查示植骨均在4-8个月内融合,内固定位置良好,无植骨块脱出或钢板、螺钉松动、断裂等并发症.术后患者无脊髓损伤加重和ASIA分级的下降,感觉恢复7～20(平均12.7)个平面,脊髓功能平均提高一级.结论 后前路减压、解除绞锁,前路融合、钛板内固定手术是治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴双侧关节突绞锁的一种有效方法,有利于保留脊髓功能.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the surgical strategy of decompression via posterior-anterior approach and anterior fixation in treatment fracture-dislocation of the lower cervical spine with bilateral facet joints dislocation. Methods This study retrospectively reviewed 37 cases of lower cervical spine fracture with bilateral joints dislocation. There were 21 males and 16 females with an average age of 42 years (19-58). Distraction-flexion stage 3(DFS 3) were found in 24 cases and DFS 4 in 13 cases. All the cases were diagnosed by X-ray, CT and MRI and confirmed during the surgery. Decompression via posterior-anterior approach and anterior fixation had been adapted as the surgical strategy. The NASCIS and IMSOP standard were applied to definite the level of cervical spinal cord injury. The ASIA grading was used for evaluation the spinal cord function and the recovery rate. The X-ray and CT were used to observe reduction and bone fusion. Results The mean operative time was (4.5:±0.5) h, and the mean amount of blood loss was 360 ml (200-500 ml). All the incision healed. The two segments fixation was used in 23 cases, 3 segments fixation in 13 cases, and 4 segments fixation in 1 case. The mean follow-up period was 32 months (16-45 months).Postoperative X-ray and CT showed that bone fusion was achieved in all patients within 4-8 months, without graft displacement, or failure of implants. Spinal cord function did not aggravate, and sensory recovery ranged from 7 to 20 levels (averaged, 12.7). The ASIA grade were improved with an average of one grade. Conclusion To treat fracture-dislocation of the lower cervical spine with bilateral facet joints dislocation, the posterlor-anterior approach and anterior fixation/fusion was benefit to preservation the cervical spinal cord function and reconstruction biomechanical stability of the cervical spine.     

胚胎脊髓细胞悬液联合自体许旺细胞联合移植损伤脊髓空洞中的突触发育

目的 观察分析胚胎脊髓细胞悬液在损伤脊髓移植区中的突触发育过程。方法42只Wistar成年大鼠以改良Allen法(50g/cm)打击脊髓,3天后将孕14天(E14)FSCS 20μl植入损伤空腔,移植后2、4、6、8、10和12周,以光、电镜、免疫组织化学观察移植物成活、分化及其与宿主之间关系。结果 移植区成神经细胞最先展示了胞质突起,随之出现了低电子密度的突触前后膜,突触前、后膜电子密度逐渐增高形成良好的致密突起。突触小泡数量和种类逐渐增多,突触小泡有圆型清亮小泡、椭圆形小泡、颗粒状小泡和把扁平小泡-f型。突触的连接方式由单个的胞体-树突突触,出现多个的胞体-树突和树突-树突突触。同时,移植成神经细胞、成少突胶质细胞、成星形细胞的细胞器日渐完善,细胞功能活跃。血脑屏障也随之出现。移植区可见NF、5—HT、CGRP、GFAP阳性纤维。结论 ①胚胎脊髓细胞悬液在成年大鼠损伤脊髓内可发育为成熟的突触; ②显示了FSCS 与宿主脊髓重建突触方式的信息交换的潜在可行性。