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1.
Attachment is a behavioral and physiological system, which enables individual’s dynamic adaptation to its environment. Attachment develops in close interaction between an infant and his/her mother, plays an important role in the development of the infant’s brain, and influences the quality of interpersonal relationships throughout life.Security of attachment is believed to influence individual response to stress, exposing insecurely organized individuals to deregulated autonomic nervous system and exaggerated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity, which, in turn, produces increased and prolonged exposure to stress-hormones. Such stress responses may have considerable implications for the development of diverse health-risk conditions, such as insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia, shown by numerous studies.Although the mechanisms are not yet fully understood, there is compelling evidence highlighting the role of psychological stress in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). One of the possible contributing factors for the development of T1D may be the influence of attachment security on individual stress reactivity. Thus, the suggestion is that insecurely attached individuals are more prone to experience increased and prolonged influence of stress hormones and other mechanisms causing pancreatic beta-cell destruction.The present paper opens with a short overview of the field of attachment in children, the principal attachment classifications and their historic development, describes the influence of attachment security on individual stress-reactivity and the role of the latter in the development of T1D. Following is a review of recent literature on the attachment in patients with T1D with a conclusion of a proposed role of attachment organization in the etiology of T1D. 相似文献
2.
Abraham Nudelman Yitschak Binnes Naomi Shmueli-Broide Yael Odessa J. Paul Hieble Anthony C. Sulpizio 《Archiv der Pharmazie》1996,329(3):125-132
Vinylogous (Groups III and V ) and acetylenologous (Group IV ) analogs of the classical β-adrenergic agents — stimulants and blockers — were prepared in order to evaluate the effect of degree of saturation, position of unsaturation and rigidity of the chain linking the aromatic ring and the amino containing functional group on biological activity. Derivatives from Group III , which represent 4-aryl-3-butenyl-2-ol-amine analogs of Group II , retained β1-adrenoceptor antagonist activity albeit substantially less potent (50–200-fold) than that possessed by their aryloxy counterparts. Consistent with the SAR for Group II compounds, substitution at position 2 of the aromatic ring yielded the most potent antagonists ( 5a, 5d, 5g ), with KB's ranging from 73–93 nM while 3,4-dichloro substitution ( 5e ) markedly reduced antagonist potency (KB = 2,400 nM). Agonist activity was also noted for 5b and 5d , suggesting that these compounds may be best classified as partial agonists. Representatives from Groups IV and V were inactive as antagonists at the β1-adrenoceptor confirming the importance of the spatial relationship between the hydroxyl and the amino nitrogen. 相似文献
3.
Reduction of scar formation in full-thickness wounds with topical celecoxib treatment 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Traci A. Wilgus PhD ; Yael Vodovotz PhD ; Elena Vittadini PhD ; Elizabeth A. Clubbs BS ; Tatiana M. Oberyszyn PhD 《Wound repair and regeneration》2003,11(1):25-34
Adult wound repair occurs with an initial inflammatory response, reepithelialization, and the formation of a permanent scar. Although the inflammatory phase is often considered a necessity for successful adult wound healing, fetal healing studies have shown the ability to regenerate skin and to heal wounds in a scarless manner in the absence of inflammation. The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme, a known mediator of inflammation, has been shown to contribute to a variety of inflammatory conditions and to the development of cancer in many organs. To examine the role of COX-2 in the wound healing process, incisional wounds were treated topically with the anti-inflammatory COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. Acutely, celecoxib inhibited several parameters of inflammation in the wound site. This decrease in the early inflammatory phase of wound healing had a significant effect on later events in the wound healing process, namely a reduction in scar tissue formation, without disrupting reepithelialization or decreasing tensile strength. Our data suggest that in the absence of infection, adult wound healing is able to commence with decreased inflammation and that anti-inflammatory drugs may be used to improve the outcome of the repair process in the skin by limiting scar formation. 相似文献
4.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive relationship of categorization and deductive reasoning abilities to performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) among adults with brain injury. METHOD: A correlational research design was used to examine the performance of 19 patients from a neurosurgery acute care unit on Toglia's Category Assessment (TCA), the Deductive Reasoning test (DR), and the Observed Tasks of Daily Living-Revised. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis indicated that categorization and deductive reasoning accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in IADL performance scores, with deductive reasoning making the greater contribution. Demographic characteristics such as age and education reduced the power of the previous variables, especially of the categorization. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that assessments of categorization and deductive reasoning abilities of persons with brain injury may be good predictors of IADL functional performance. Results support the use of the TCA and DR as quick measures of a person's cognitive and functional abilities. Furthermore, this study provides preliminary results to support that categorization and deductive reasoning abilities are fundamental for the performance of IADL skills. 相似文献
5.
Use of antibiotic and analgesic drugs during lactation. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Benjamin Bar-Oz Mordechai Bulkowstein Lilach Benyamini Revital Greenberg Ingrid Soriano Deena Zimmerman Oxana Bortnik Matitiahu Berkovitch 《Drug safety》2003,26(13):925-935
During lactation, multiple situations can arise that require maternal pharmacological treatment. Because of the many health advantages of human milk to infants, breast feeding should be interrupted only when the needed drug might be harmful to the nursing child and exposure via the breast milk will be sufficient to pose a risk. Since the majority of drugs have not been shown to cause adverse effects when used during lactation, and even temporary interruption of breast feeding can be difficult for the nursing dyad, decisions regarding maternal medication use during breast feeding should be based on accurate and up-to-date information. This article reviews available data on the most commonly used antibiotics and analgesics. The use of most antibiotics is considered compatible with breast feeding. Penicillins, aminopenicillins, clavulanic acid, cephalosporins, macrolides and metronidazole at dosages at the low end of the recommended dosage range are considered appropriate for use for lactating women. Fluoroquinolones should not be administered as first-line treatment, but if they are indicated, breast feeding should not be interrupted because the risk of adverse effects is low and the risks are justified. Paracetamol (acetaminophen), low-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) [up to 100 mg/day] and short-term treatment with NSAIDs, codeine, morphine and propoxyphene are considered compatible with breast feeding. Safer alternatives should be considered instead of dipyrone, aspirin at a dosage >100 mg/day and pethidine (meperidine). In the light of the many safe alternatives for pain control, breast-feeding mothers should not be allowed to experience pain or be made to feel that they must choose between analgesia and breast feeding. 相似文献
6.
Yossi Gilgun-Sherki Yael Barhum Daphne Atlas Eldad Melamed Daniel Offen 《Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN》1996,27(1):125-135
Accumulating data from experimental studies indicate that oxidative stress has a major role in the pathogenesis of multiple
sclerosis (MS). It has been suggested that local production of reactive oxygen species, probably by macrophages, mediates
axonal damage in both MS patients and the mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have shown previously
that our novel brain-penetrating antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine amide (AD4), reduces the clinical and pathological symptoms, including inflammation and axonal damage in myelin
oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced chronic EAE in mice. The aim of this study was to examine the molecular mechanism
by which AD4 exerts protection in MOG-induced EAE mice. Therefore, we analyzed gene-expression profile in the spinal cords
of MOG-induced chronic EAE mice and compared them with MOG-induced mice treated with AD4, using a cDNA microarray. We found
that MOG treatment up-regulated genes encoding growth factors, cytokines, death receptors, proteases, and myelin structure
proteins, whereas MOG- and AD4-treated mice demonstrated gene expression profiles similar to that seen in na?ve healthy mice.
In conclusion, our study shows that chronic AD4 administration suppresses the induction of various pathological pathways that
play a role in EAE and probably in MS. 相似文献
7.
Libor Velíek† Jana Velíková Yael Ptachewich Shlomo Shinnar‡ Solomon L. Mosh醇 《Epilepsia》1995,36(2):179-185
Summary We determined the effects of the N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker MK-801 (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally, i.p.) and phenytoin (PHT, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg i.p.) on flurothyl-induced clonic and tonic-clonic seizures in 9-, 1 5, 30-, and 60-day-old male rats. Both agents had seizure-, age-, and dose-specific effects. The highest dose of MK-801 was anticonvulsant against clonic flurothyl-induced seizures only in 9- and 60-day-old rats, but suppressed tonic-clonic seizures in all ages. The lowest dose of MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg) produced significant anticonvulsant effects only in 15 day old rats. PHT did not have any effect on clonic seizures throughout development. Both doses of PHT (10 and 20 mg/kg) were anticonvulsant against tonic-clonic seizures in adult rats but not in any other age group. The results indicate that NMDA receptors play an important role in tonic-clonic flurothyl-induced seizures throughout development (especially in 15-day-old rats) and that the anticonvulsant effects of PHT may vary at different stages of brain development. 相似文献
8.
Isaac Ginsburg Ruth Borinski Milu Sadovnic Yael Eilam Kim Rainsford 《Inflammation》1987,11(3):253-277
Poly-l-histidine (PHSTD) of molecular weight 26,000 induced the generation of large amounts of Superoxide (O
2
–
) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in human neutrophils (PMNs). Despite its low solubility at neutral pH, PHSTD was bound very rapidly to the PMN surfaces. Maximal generation of O
2
–
took place with 4–5 ×10–6 M of PHSTD, starting after a lag of about 25 sec and proceeding for 15–17 min at a rate of 150 nmol/107 PMNs/min, suggesting that this polycation is one of the most potent stimulators of O
2
–
generation known, PHSTD was found to be non-toxic for PMNs even at millimolar concentrations. Generation of O
2
–
by PHSTD depended on extracellular calcium; it was inhibited by calcium channel blockers and by trifluoperazine, and it triggered a sharp rise in intracellular calcium as determined by the Quin 2 fluorescence technique. The generation of both O
2
–
and H2O2 by PHSTD was partially inhibited by cytochalasin B or (CYB, CYE). On the other hand, CYB markedly enhanced the generation of both O
2
–
and H2O2 following stimulation of PMNs either by PHSTD, polyarginine, histone, or by antibody-opsonized group A streptococci. Electron microscopic analysis and NBT reduction tests revealed that both PHSTD and PHSTD-opsonized streptococci were avidly phagocytosed by PMNs. Since CYB totally inhibited internalization of both PHSTD and the PHSTD-opsonized streptococci, it was suggested that these agents stimulated oxygen radical generation mainly on the leukocyte surfaces. Complexes (CX) formed between PHSTD and polyanethole sulfonate (a strong polyanion) or between histone and the polyanion mimicked immune CX in their ability to trigger the generation of large amounts of O
2
–
which were inhibited by CYB. Generation of O
2
–
and chemiluminescence either by PHSTD or by PHSTD-opsonized streptococci were markedly inhibited by poly-l-glutamate, suggesting that PHSTD acted as a cationic agent which interacted via electrostatic forces with some negatively charged sites in the leukocyte membrane. Generation of H2O2 by PHSTD was also markedly inhibited by deoxyglucose, KCN, DASA, as well as by the lipoxygenase inhibitors nordihydroguaiaretic acid, phenidone, and propylgallate. On the other hand, cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as aspirin, indomethacin, and piroxicam were inactive, suggesting that arachidonic acid metabolism via lipoxygenase pathway might have been involved in the activation by PHSTD of the NADPH oxidase in PMNs. PHSTD may mimic the effects of antibodies both as an opsonin and as a potent stimulator of the respiratory burst in PMNs and may thus serve as a model for further study of leukocyte-bacteria interactions in infectious and inflammatory sites and of the pathogenicity of immune complexes.Supported by a research grant from Dr. S. M. Robbins of Cleveland, Ohio. 相似文献
9.
Yechiel Becker Eynath Tabor Yael Asher Irit Davidson Mertyn Malkinson R. L. Witter 《Virus genes》1993,7(3):277-287
A radioactive PCR test was developed that amplified the very virulent Marek's disease virus-1 (vvMDV-1) DNA sequence containing the 132 bp repeats. In apathogenic MDV-1 (CVI 988, Rispens), amplified DNA bands containing multiple copies of 132 bp repeats were identified. In the present study this PCR technique was used to monitor the passage level of vvMDV-1 in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) in which the number of tandem 132 bp repeats was increased. It was found that at passage level 32 of vvMDV-1-B isolate, the 132 bp tandem repeat was already markedly amplified and its pattern resembled that of the MDV-1 (CVI 988, Rispens) vaccine virus DNA. In the vvMDV-1Z strain, amplification of the 132 bp repeat was not detectable at a similar passage level. The PCR test demonstrated that the apathogenic MDV-1 Md11/75c virus developed by extensive in vitro passaging has amplified 132 bp DNA repeats similar to those of the commercial vaccine virus (CVI 988, Rispense). It was also found that the pattern of viral RNA from infected cells detectable by Northern blot hybridization was markedly changed from a 2.4 kb RNA species in cells infected with vvMDV-1 viruses, to four RNA species (ranging from 2.2 to 4.4 kb) in cells infected with passage 32 of MDV-1-B strain, to a very large number of undefined RNA species synthesized in cells infected with attenuated MDV-1 viruses (CVI 988, Rispens and Md 11/75c). 相似文献
10.
Wolff N Yannai S Karin N Levy Y Reifen R Dalal I Cogan U 《The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology》2004,114(5):1151-1158
BACKGROUND: The increased consumption of foods containing sesame seeds is paralleled by an increase in reported sesame-induced allergic reactions. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at identifying and characterizing the linear B-cell epitopes of the 14-kd beta-globulin, the major allergen of sesame seed. METHODS: A peptide containing 71 amino acids (peptide B) was previously identified by us as the IgE-binding region on beta-globulin. To determine the amino acid sequence of the IgE-binding sites on peptide B, we synthesized overlapping peptides 20 and 10 amino acid residues long that span the entire length of peptide B, which were offset from each other by 10 and 2 amino acid residues, respectively. Sera from 20 subjects given diagnoses of allergy to sesame beta-globulin served to identify the epitopes by using the dot-blot test. RESULTS: At least 9 different IgE-recognition sites were identified on peptide B. Three of them, numbers 2, 3, and 13 (corresponding to amino acids 46-55, 48-57, and 76-86, respectively, in the beta-globulin sequence), appeared to be immunodominant IgE-binding epitopes. Also, these peptides were best recognized in terms of intensity of response. There was no obvious sequence motif shared by the 9 different IgE-binding epitopes of beta-globulin. However, approximately 60% of the amino acids represented in the epitopes are hydrophobic residues. CONCLUSION: Identification of the IgE-binding epitopes might provide a better understanding of the functional role the allergens play in the disease and might have implications for immunodiagnosis and probably immunotherapy. 相似文献