Pharmacy patron perspectives of community pharmacist administered influenza vaccinations

Background

One approach to boost influenza vaccination coverage has been to expand immunization authority. In 2012, the province of Ontario gave community pharmacists the authority to administer the influenza vaccine.

The in vitro pharmacological profile of KR31080, a nonpeptide AT1 receptor antagonist

Summary— KR31080 (2-butyl-5-methyl-6-(1-oxopyridin-2-yl)-3-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) biphenyl-4-yl]methyl]-3H-imidazo[4,5-b] pyridine) is a potent inhibitor of angiotensin type 1 (AT₁) receptors in rabbit aorta and human recombinant AT₁ receptors. In the isolated rabbit thoracic aorta, KR31080 caused a nonparallel shift to the right of the concentration-response curves to angiotensin II (All) with decreased maximal response (pD'₂ = 10.1 ± 0.1), but had no effect on the contractile response induced by norepinephrine. KR31080 inhibited specific [¹²⁵I]AII binding to rabbit aortic membranes (AT, receptors) and [¹²⁵I][Sar¹, Ile⁸]AII binding to human recombinant AT₁ receptors in a concentration-dependent manner with IC₅₀ values of 0.84 ± 0.08 nM and 1.92 ± 0.15 nM, respectively, but did not inhibit specific [¹²⁵I)AII binding to bovine cerebellum membranes (ÀT₂ receptors). In the Scatchard analysis, KR31080 interacted with rabbit aortic AT₁ receptors in a competitive manner, similar to losartan. These results demonstrate that KR31080 is a potent and AT₁ selective angiotensin receptor antagonist which exerts a competitive antagonism in the [¹²⁵I]AII binding assay and insurmountable AT₁ receptor antagonism in the functional study.     

The role of control activity levels in the reported strain differences to the behavioral effects of drugs in mice

The effect of d-amphetamine (3-100 mumoles/kg), scopolamine (0.3-100 mumoles/kg) and morphine (3-1000 mumoles/kg) were studied on the spontaneous motor activity (SMA) of four strains of mice: CF-1, DBA/2, C57BL/6 and CD-1. All three drugs increased the SMA of the CF-1, C57BL/6, and CD-1 strains at low to moderate doses and decreased SMA at higher doses. In the DBA/2 strain, d-amphetamine and scopolamine increased SMA at low doses and decreased SMA at high doses; only decreases in SMA were observed with morphine. When the drug effect was expressed relative to control levels of SMA, large apparent strain differences were shown to exist for all three drugs. In general, these strain differences were shown to exist for all three drugs. However, the majority of these strain differences could be attributed to the large differences which existed in the control level of SMA among the four strains. One important exception to this statement was shown to exist. The DBA strain responded differently (only decreases in SMA were observed) to morphine than did the other three strains. This decrease was not related to the control SMA level and could not be antagonized by naloxone (3 mumoles/kg, IP).     

Clinical guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention: Should they differ by gender?

The effects of cardiovascular disease are substantial in women, yet cardiovascular preventive therapies for women are underused. The prevalence and impact of many coronary risk factors differ by gender. Coronary risk interventions (eg, using aspirin) have diverse outcomes in women and men. Results from studies of preventive interventions specific to women (eg, menopausal hormone therapy) have changed preventive recommendations and clinical practice.     

Cellular Distribution of G Protein Goa in Pituitary Lactotrophs: Effects of Dopamine

Membrane-bound GTP-binding (G) proteins mediate signal transduction in a variety of cell systems. The exact mechanisms of G proteins action are still under investigation but they appear to involve effectors located in the plasma membrane as well as in other parts of the cell. With this study, we investigated the cellular and ultrastructural localization of G protein subunits, and particularly of Goa, in normal rat anterior pituitaries and in estrone-induced rat adenomatous lactotrophs. We also evaluated the effects of Goα cellular redistribution in rat adenomatous lactotrophs following short-term exposure to dopamine (DA). Using the Protein A-gold (PAG) methodology, Goα was found to be present in the cysternae of the endoplasmic reticulum of normal pituitary cells and of adenomatous lactotrophs. In the latter, Goα could be co-localized with prolactin (PRL). By immunoblots, using specific antisera, significant amounts of Goα and Gs42α, together with smaller amounts of Giα, Gs47α and Gβ were found to be present in the uncontaminated supernatant fraction of adenomatous lactotrophs. Unexpectedly, exposure of the cells to DA induced a rapid and short-lived decrease in the cytosolic fraction of Goα and Gβ associated with a decrease of PRL release. Since cytosolic Goα can be ADP-ribosylated by pertussis toxin (PT) and is therefore in a heterotrimeric form, our data suggest that the soluble Go protein may play a role during lactotrophs' exposure to an inhibitor of PRL release, perhaps through its relocalization after being internalized with the D₂ receptor or by being used for interaction with intracellular and/or membrane-bound effectors.     

Acrometageria: A spectrum of “premature aging” syndromes

A child with manifestations of acrogeria and metageria, two “premature aging” syndromes, is presented. Because of his indistinct phenotype and because the question has been previously raised as to whether these conditions are separate, we propose the designation of acrometageria to describe this phenotypic continuum. As there is much in common clinically between acrometageria and the syndrome of type III procollagen deficiency (Ehlers-Danlos type IV), it might be presumed that a similar pathogenesis for acrometageria exists. This possibility has been tested previously, without demonstrating specific quantitative or qualitative deficits, but with some indirect evidence that collagen metabolism is deranged in these patients. One such crude indicator is the elevation of urinary hyaluronic acid levels, demonstrated in our patient and also observed in the phenotypically distinct Werner and Hutchinson-Gilford premature aging syndromes. On one hand, it could be argued that this supports the concept that premature aging syndromes exist as a biological continuum. On the other hand, it is equally valid to argue that syndromes of premature aging are so described merely because they include recognizable changes of normal aging and that the demonstration of an underlying mutation in a collagen gene, for example, invalidates their study as models of accelerated normal aging. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dopamine D2 receptor imaging with SPECT: studies in different neuropsychiatric disorders.

The purpose of the present study is to visualize and quantify dopamine D2 receptors in the living human brain using an 123I-labeled ligand and the single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) technique. S-(-)-Iodobenzamide [S-(-)-IBZM] has been shown to be a highly selective ligand with high affinity for D2 receptors in experimental studies. Five millicuries (185 MBq) of 123I-labeled S-(-)-IBZM was administered intravenously to 12 control subjects, 22 parkinsonian patients under L-Dopa therapy, 12 parkinsonian patients without L-Dopa, 10 unmedicated patients with Huntington's disease, and 12 patients under different neuroleptics. Data collection with a rotating double-head scintillation camera started 1 h after injection and lasted for 50 min. In a semiquantitative approach, a ratio was calculated between mean counts per pixel in the striatum and a region in the lateral frontal cortex, which was 1.74 +/- 0.10 in the control group. A marked reduction of this ratio was found in patients with Huntington's disease (1.38 +/- 0.12; p = 0.0001), no significant changes in untreated parkinsonian patients (1.67 +/- 0.14), but a reduction in L-Dopa-treated cases (1.59 +/- 0.13; p = 0.0014). A curvilinear relationship was found between total daily dose of neuroleptics and the reduction of this ratio. Estimated receptor blockade under full neuroleptic treatment was 75-80%. S-(-)-IBZM binding was reduced with increasing age (p less than 0.01). Specific binding was reduced markedly when the racemic mixture of IBZM was used, and no specific binding was seen with the R-(+)-isomer, demonstrating the stereoselectivity of IBZM binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

One-stage correction of the spastic dislocated hip. Use of pericapsular acetabuloplasty to improve coverage.

We performed a combined one-stage approach for the treatment of eighteen spastic subluxated or dislocated hips in eleven children who had cerebral palsy. All patients were between five and thirteen years old and had spastic subluxation or dislocation of the hip and severe acetabular dysplasia. The operation consisted of release of the adductors, psoas, and proximal hamstrings; a femoral-shortening varusderotation osteotomy; and a pericapsular pelvic osteotomy. The pelvic osteotomy was designed to increase superolateral coverage of the femoral head in the elongated acetabulum, which had erosion of the superior and lateral aspects. At the latest follow-up (mean duration, six years and ten months), seventeen of the eighteen hips remained anatomically reduced.     

Support networks and dementia

Based on data from a sample of 4500+ people aged 65+ living in the community (ie not in residential care) in Liverpool, this article presents data on the availability of kin and levels of contact with family, friends neighbours and community groups, and compares the distribution of support network types of those identified as cases of dementia with non-cases. It is shown that dementia sufferers are more likely to live with others and to have more contact with family members and less contact with friends, neighbours and community groups than non-sufferers. It is also shown that the distribution of network type is distinctively different for cases and non-cases and it is suggested that this reflects the greater ability of some types of network to support continued community residence in the face of the onset of dementia.