Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation: an overview

Pain control is one of the most challenging aspects in the management of chronic pancreatitis. Total pancreatectomy can successfully relieve the intractable abdominal pain in these patients but will inevitably result in insulin-dependent diabetes. Islet autotransplantation aims to preserve, as far as possible, the insulin secretory function of the islet cell mass thereby reducing (or even removing) the requirement for exogenous insulin administration after a total pancreactomy. Despite the relatively small number of centres able to perform these procedures, there are important technical variations in the details of their approaches. The aim of this review is to provide details of the current surgical practice for total pancreatectomy combined with islet autotransplantation, and outline the potential advantages and disadvantages of the variations adopted in each centre.     

Renal Aspergilloma--A Case Illustrating the Problems of Medical Therapy

The second documented case of renal aspergilloma due to Aspergillusflavus is presented. The merits of the medical therapy thatfailed are discussed. Pathological examination showed a nidusof aspergillus around suture material persisting from a pyelolithotomyoperation 2 years before in India. We argue that this was thereason for the failure of the medical therapy. This is the firstcase of its kind reported.     

Risk factors and their relation to initiation of alcohol use among early adolescents

This study examined the relationship between risk factors and initiation of alcohol use over a 15-month period among a cohort of 7th graders who were abstainers at the time of initial testing. The relationship between risk factors and alcohol use was examined using a discriminant function analysis. At the univariate level, rejection of parental authority, deviant behavior, and sensation seeking were statistically significant. The discriminant function retained only three of the risk factors: rejection of parental authority, deviant behavior, and religious commitment. Implications for school-based prevention programs are discussed, particularly the need to target primary prevention programs based upon adolescents' risk.     

Heterogeneity of the genes encoding the major surface glycoprotein of Leishmania donovani.

The major surface glycoprotein of Leishmania (GP63) is present on all known species of Leishmania and likely plays an integral role during the infection of macrophages in the mammalian host. To identify regions of GP63 which may be of functional significance, the nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding GP63 of Leishmania donovani was determined and compared to the sequences reported for GP63 genes of Leishmania major and Leishmania chagasi. The GP63 nucleotide and predicted protein sequence was highly conserved among the 3 species despite their diverse geographical distribution. L. donovani GP63 is encoded by a multigene family and the gene locus contains at least 7 tandemly repeated genes and at least 3 genes which are dispersed from the tandem array. In addition, polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analyses demonstrated that there was size heterogeneity within the pro-peptide coding regions of the multiple GP63 genes of L. donovani and that such genes were expressed concurrently in the promastigote life stage.     

Specific MR imaging of human lymphocytes by monoclonal antibody-guided dextran-magnetite particles.

Human lymphocytes were labeled with biotinylated anti-lymphocyte-directed monoclonal antibodies, to which streptavidin and subsequently biotinylated dextran-magnetite particles were coupled. This labeling resulted in a strong and selective negative contrast enhancement of lymphocyte suspensions at 2.0 T, caused predominantly by the specific increase of R2 with a small but significant specific increase of R1. The R1 was found to decrease with increasing field strength. The immunolabeling procedure described here may be used for the selective signal depletion of target cells in MR imaging.     

Rate and classification of interval cancers in the breast screening programme.

There has been concern about the number of interval cancers which have been detected within the National Breast Screening Programme. A series of 134 women presenting with interval cancers was studied by prospective audit and the rate and radiological classification of the tumours determined. The cancers were classified as true (67), false-negative (22), unclassifiable (28), occult (12), and minimal sign (5). The interval cancer rate did not achieve the new National Guidelines in either the first 2 years or the 3rd interval year. The false-negative cancers presented mainly in the 1st interval year, whereas the true cancers were predominantly confined to the 2nd and 3rd years. These data suggest that alterations to the screening programme may be beneficial. It may be, however, that the programme is still on the learning curve and this should be taken into account when interpreting these data.