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Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Oral administration of taurolidine ameliorates chronic DSS colitis in mice.

Taurolidine (TRD) has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of TRD in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have not been investigated. Here, we have analyzed the toxicity of TRD after oral long-term application in mice and examined the impact of oral TRD in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of experimental colitis. Female C57/BL6 mice received TRD in various concentrations (0.1% to 0.4%) for 60 days. Toxicity was evaluated by use of a disease activity index (DAI) and histological examination of major metabolic organs. Furthermore, the impact of 0.2% TRD on a chronic DSS colitis was examined by daily DAI, histological crypt damage score (CDS), bacterial translocation into mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), and colonic expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, transforming growth factor (TGF) beta, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, cytochrome oxidase (COX)-2, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Oral TRD administration for 60 days was well tolerated by the animals and did not show any toxic effects in terms of DAI and histological changes. TRD treatment of DSS colitis led to increased survival of 100%, compared to 33% in the untreated colitis group (p < or = .005). Clinical amelioration was mirrored by significantly reduced DAI and CDS in the TRD treated colitis. Colonic cytokine expression and bacterial translocation into MLN showed no differences between both groups. We thus report for the first time that oral application of TRD results in amelioration of an experimental IBD model. We hypothesize direct intraluminal antimicrobial effects of TRD as well as anti-inflammatory effects during the acute phase of DSS colitis.     

A clinical comparison of the Laryngeal Tube™ and the Laryngeal Mask™ in spontaneously breathing anesthetized patients

Abstract: Background: The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) can be used in general anaesthesia without neuromuscular block. The laryngeal tube (LT) is a new airway device with similar airway features as LMA. LT is provided with a distal cuff to prevent regurgitation. In this study we compared the LMA and LT concerning patient and user aspects. Methods: Sixty patients with ASA (American Society of Anestesiologists) score 1–2 scheduled for minor surgery were randomized to be ventilated either through LMA or LT. After insertion, the number of insertion attempts, and “positioning” and “airway-assessment” was evaluated. The patients reported on “sore throat” after 30 and 60 minutes and the day after anaesthesia. Results: Gender and mean age were equal in both groups. The first insertion attempt was successful in 25 of 28 patients randomised to LMA and in 23 of 27 patients randomised to LT. LMA was evaluated to be easier in “positioning” whereas no difference in “sore throat” was reported. Conclusion: We found no difference between the LMA and the LT in terms user and patient friendliness and safety.     

Heterogeneity of neocortical cerebral blood flow deficits in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a [99mTc]-d,l-HMPAO SPECT study.

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured with high resolution brain dedicated single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) and [99mTc]-d,l-hexamethyl-propylene-amine-oxime (HMPAO) in 25 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease and in 25 control subjects, selected according to rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria. The aim was to analyse the topography of rCBF deficits in individual patients. In the group of patients with Alzheimer's disease as a whole, global CBF was reduced, but a factorial analysis of variance did not show disproportionate reduction of rCBF in any brain region. A parametric analysis of the rCBF data in individual patients was carried out with reference to normal values for internal rCBF ratios and to 13 different abnormal rCBF patterns. These theoretical patterns were predefined by showing significant hypoperfusion in at least one, or in any relevant combination of two, three, or four, of four major brain regions (a left and right frontal and a left and right posterior region). All patients with Alzheimer's disease and none of the control subjects had an abnormal rCBF pattern. Eleven of the 13 different patterns were seen in the patients. Frontal changes were seen in 19 (76%) of the patients, more often than previously reported. No single Alzheimer's disease pattern could be derived from our data. The number of regions with hypoperfusion, but not the presence of frontal changes, correlated significantly with the duration of disease. It is concluded that a clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease is associated with heterogeneous patterns of rCBF deficits as measured with SPECT and [99mTc]-d,l-HMPAO. This heterogeneity may reflect different stages of the disease or cognitive subtypes and help explain published discrepancies concerning the topography of hypoperfusion in Alzheimer's disease. An analysis of individual rCBF data may add important information in the investigation of diseases with heterogeneous effects on the brain.     

Morphological analysis of the acute effects of overdistension on the extracellular matrix of the rat urinary bladder wall.

PURPOSE: To investigate the morphological effects of acute overdistension in the structure of the extracellular matrix of the bladder wall in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The bladders of a group of 6 male Wistar rats were transurethrally overdistended for 3 hours. Another identical group (the control group) was only submitted to a sham operation. Specimens from the bladder dome were analyzed with light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: LM--The control group bladders had a 4 to 5 layer urothelium, a lamina propria, and a smooth muscle layer with longitudinal and transversal fibers. The overdistended bladders presented an intense interstitial infiltrate in the lamina propria, and a less intense infiltrate among the smooth muscle fibers. TEM--The cells of the overdistended bladders had a significant amount of vacuoles, unlike the control bladders, where such vacuoles were scarce or absent. SEM--A delicate three-dimensional mesh of collagen fibrils was observed in the lamina propria of the bladder walls from the control group. Whilst for the control group this mesh consisted of distinct geometric structures, with mostly circular cellular spaces surrounded by the fibrils, the overdistended group showed evidence of distortion of the mesh, with flattened and elongated cellular spaces. CONCLUSIONS: Acute bladder overdistension induces structural modifications, altering the arrangement and interaction of collagen fibrils, as well as incipient tissue damage as edema in the lamina propria and smooth muscle layers.     

Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline

The aim of this international guideline on dementia was to present a peer-reviewed evidence-based statement for the guidance of practice for clinical neurologists, geriatricians, psychiatrists, and other specialist physicians responsible for the care of patients with dementia. It covers major aspects of diagnostic evaluation and treatment, with particular emphasis on the type of patient often referred to the specialist physician. The main focus is Alzheimer's disease, but many of the recommendations apply to dementia disorders in general. The task force working group considered and classified evidence from original research reports, meta-analysis, and systematic reviews, published before January 2006. The evidence was classified and consensus recommendations graded according to the EFNS guidance. Where there was a lack of evidence, but clear consensus, good practice points were provided. The recommendations for clinical diagnosis, blood tests, neuroimaging, electroencephalography (EEG), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, genetic testing, tissue biopsy, disclosure of diagnosis, treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and counselling and support for caregivers were all revised when compared with the previous EFNS guideline. New recommendations were added for the treatment of vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies, for monitoring treatment, for treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia, and for legal issues. The specialist physician plays an important role together with primary care physicians in the multidisciplinary dementia teams, which have been established throughout Europe. This guideline may contribute to the definition of the role of the specialist physician in providing dementia health care.