Peripheral large nerve fibre function in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis

Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of neurogenic inflammation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Moreover, the concomitant occurrence of peripheral neuropathy has been reported in several psoriatic patients. Thus, the aim of the present study was to answer the question whether an impairment of peripheral large nerve fibre function may exist in psoriasis. Thirty-two patients with severe and generalized chronic plaque psoriasis and 32 sex- and age-matched healthy controls were evaluated by detailed clinical neurological and standard neurophysiological examination. The latter included motor nerve conduction study of one nerve in the upper and one in the lower extremities and sensory nerve conduction study of one nerve in the upper and two in the lower extremities. Neurological examination failed to demonstrate any clinical evidence of large fibre neuropathy. Furthermore, all values of the examined neurophysiological parameters were within normal limits; comparisons of the corresponding mean values in the patient and the control group showed no statistically significant differences. These findings demonstrate no measurable abnormalities of the peripheral large nerve fibres in psoriatic patients and therefore an association of psoriasis with peripheral large fibre neuropathy cannot be suggested.     

Severity of asymptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of ipsilateral hemispheric ischaemic events: results from the ACSRS study.

OBJECTIVES: This study determines the risk of ipsilateral ischaemic neurological events in relation to the degree of asymptomatic carotid stenosis and other risk factors. METHODS: Patients (n=1115) with asymptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis greater than 50% in relation to the bulb diameter were followed up for a period of 6-84 (mean 37.1) months. Stenosis was graded using duplex, and clinical and biochemical risk factors were recorded. RESULTS: The relationship between ICA stenosis and event rate is linear when stenosis is expressed by the ECST method, but S-shaped if expressed by the NASCET method. In addition to the ECST grade of stenosis (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.21-2.15), history of contralateral TIAs (RR 3.0; 95% CI 1.90-4.73) and creatinine in excess of 85 micromol/L (RR 2.1; 95% CI 1.23-3.65) were independent risk predictors. The combination of these three risk factors can identify a high-risk group (7.3% annual event rate and 4.3% annual stroke rate) and a low risk group (2.3% annual event rate and 0.7% annual stroke rate). CONCLUSIONS: Linearity between ECST per cent stenosis and risk makes this method for grading stenosis more amenable to risk prediction without any transformation not only in clinical practice but also when multivariable analysis is to be used. Identification of additional risk factors provides a new approach to risk stratification and should help refine the indications for carotid endarterectomy.     

Germ cell transplantation: a review and progress report on ICSI from spermatozoa generated in xenogeneic testes

Results from the transplantation of donor male germ cells into xenogeneic recipient seminiferous tubules indicate that donor spermatogonia are capable of differentiating to form spermatozoa morphologically characteristic of the donor species. Germ cell transplantation procedures combined with developments in freezing, culturing or enriching germ cell populations have applications of paramount importance in medicine, basic sciences and animal reproduction. Additionally, these techniques can serve as an alternative approach for gonadal protection and fertility preservation in patients with cancer. This article is a chronological critical review of the technological advances that followed the initial successful transplantation of mouse germ cells into recipient mice. Furthermore, the factors responsible for the immunological privilege properties of the testis and the parameters influencing the potential of mammalian germ cells to undergo mitosis and meiosis within a xenogeneic testis are described. Finally, the role of human germ cell transplantation procedures in the therapeutic management of non-obstructive azoospermia is discussed.     

Measurement of T-cell-derived antigen binding molecules and immunoglobulin G specific to Candida albicans mannan in sera of patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and T-cell-derived antigen binding molecules (TABM) specific to whole Candida extract and to Candida-derived mannans prepared by both the cetryltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and alkaline degradation (PEAT) methods were measured in the sera of women with vulvovaginal candidiasis and controls. In the patients there were significantly higher levels of IgG to both CTAB and PEAT mannans and of TABM to CTAB mannan. TABM specific to CTAB mannan was purified from the serum of a patient with a high titer of this TABM. The purified TABM bound specifically to CTAB mannan and to other yeast and mold extracts. This TABM preparation was associated with transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-beta2), and on specific binding to mannan there was a marked increase in the level of detectable TGF-beta2. This increase in TGF-beta2 level was critically dependent on the relative concentrations of the purified TABM and mannan, being smallest when either was in excess. The TABM specific to CTAB mannan was also shown to inhibit Candida-stimulated gamma interferon production. The results suggest that CTAB mannan-specific TABM may increase susceptibility to vulvovaginal candidiasis in association with a shift in the immune response to the Th2 type.     

Some observations on the isolation and cultivation of avian reoviruses

For the cultivation of avian reoviruses a comparison was made of cell cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts, lungs, liver, kidney and chicken kidney and fertile eggs inoculated via the yolk sac, chorioallantoic membrane or allantoic cavity. Chick embryo liver was found to be the most sensitive cell culture method and the yolk sac the best inoculation route for eggs. Chicken kidney cells were second to embryonic liver cells, but peak titres of cell-bound and cell-free virus occurred later than in chick embryo liver. Using the plaque technique, minimal adsorption times for reovirus in embryonic liver and chicken kidney cells were found to be 30 and 45 min respectively. Plaques produced by six different strains of reovirus in embryonic liver cells were larger and appeared sooner than in chicken kidney cells.     

A requirement for the CD5 antigen in T cell activation

Treatment of adult rats with a monoclonal antibody specific for the CD5 antigen led to a dramatic reduction in the number of CD5+ cells. However, a substantial number of T cells remained as assessed by other T cell-specific antibodies. These CD5- T cells did not proliferate in response to alloantigen or mitogenic stimulation, did not generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro, and did not induce graft-vs.-host disease when injected into susceptible recipients in vivo. Re-expression of the CD5 antigen occurred when CD5- T cells were placed in an environment devoid of the anti-CD5 antibody. Re-expression of the antigen was followed by return of the T cell proliferative responses. While CD5- T cells could not proliferate in response to alloantigen they could produce interleukin 2 following a short pulse with the T cell mitogen concanavalin A. However, T cell proliferative or cytotoxic responses could not be rescued by the addition of an exogenous source of interleukin 2. We conclude that the CD5 antigen appears to be required for proliferation of resting T cells.