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Expression of Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 operon-associated proteins during mammalian and arthropod infection
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Löhr CV Brayton KA Shkap V Molad T Barbet AF Brown WC Palmer GH 《Infection and immunity》2002,70(11):6005-6012
The antigenically variant major surface protein 2 (MSP2) of Anaplasma marginale is expressed from a 3.5-kb operon that contains, in a 5'-to-3' direction, four open reading frames, opag3, opag2, opag1, and msp2. This operon structure was shown to be conserved among genotypically and phenotypically distinct A. marginale, A. ovis, and A. centrale strains. The individual OpAG amino acid sequences are highly conserved among A. marginale strains, with identities ranging from 95 to 99%. OpAG2 and OpAG3 were expressed by all examined A. marginale strains during the acute rickettsemia in the mammalian host and, like MSP2, localize to the bacterial surface. OpAG2 and OpAG3 were also expressed in an infected Ixodes scapularis tick cell line. In contrast, the same A. marginale strains expressed only OpAG2 in two different Dermacentor spp. during transmission feeding. OpAG1 expression was not detected in the infected mammalian host, the infected tick cell line, or within infected Dermacentor ticks. The differential expression of outer membrane proteins from within an operon is a novel finding in tick-transmitted bacteria, and the regulation of expression may be broadly applicable to understanding how the pathogen adapts to the mammalian host-tick vector transition. 相似文献
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Gad M. Gilad Varda H. Gilad Richard Jed Wyatt 《Molecular and chemical neuropathology / sponsored by the International Society for Neurochemistry and the World Federation of Neurology and research groups on neurochemistry and cerebrospinal fluid》1993,18(1-2):197-210
Regionally selective delayed neuronal degeneration is a characteristic sequel of cerebral ischemia. Recent evidence indicates that changes in brain polyamine metabolism may be critical for nerve cell survival after ischemia. Within hours after ischemia, intracellular putrescine levels are greatly increased and remain elevated for days, whereas only minor changes are noted in the levels of the polyamines spermine and spermidine. In contrast, the extracellular levels of all polyamines are low after ischemia. Injections of polyamines following ischemia, however, can protect neurons in the gerbil brain from delayed cell death, with spermine being the most potent of the polyamines. In the present study, therefore, we sought to determine if increased polyamine uptake occurs in the brain after ischemia. In the hippocampal slice preparation, temperature-dependent uptake was unique for spermine, but not for spermidine or putrescine. Uptake of [14C]spermine was transiently increased after ischemia, peaking at 150% of control by 12–13 h and subsiding by 24 h. Intravenous injections of [3H]spermidine resulted in a postischemic accumulation of this polyamine throughout the forebrain parenchyma. We conclude that:
- Active cellular uptake of spermine is transiently increased early after ischemia;
- A nonspecific accumulation of exogenous polyamines occurs early after ischemia probably owing to a compromised blood-brain barrier, and
- The findings indicate that exogenous polyamines can exert their effect directly in the brain after ischemia.
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Berner YN Lif Kimchi O Spokoiny V Finkeltov B 《Archives of gerontology and geriatrics》2004,39(2):125-132
The most common neurological damage in acute stroke/cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is a decline in the senso-motor capacities of both the upper and the lower extremities with a more severe injury in the upper ones. Motor improvement of the affected limb can be attained through frequent intensive exercise by electrical stimulation (ES). The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the ES treatment using Handmaster ES device on the functional rehabilitation of elderly patients after acute CVA. Twenty-two elderly with different levels of damage and partial movements in their upper limb joints underwent a 3-week treatment. Nine of them were treated for additional 3-weeks after a 3-week break. After the first 3-week treatment, significant improvements were observed, in all the subjects, in the active range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder and the wrist joints, on manual dexterity tests and on functional independence measure (FIM). After the two periods of treatment the nine subjects exhibited significant improvements in ROM and in manual dexterity. FIM score increased by the same rate after each of the three stages. This preliminary study has proven that the Handmaster treatment can improve the geriatric rehabilitation outcome of elderly patients with senso-motor deficit caused by acute CVA. 相似文献
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Sharon Cohen Ilan Bruchim Dror Graiver Zoharia Evron Varda Oron-Karni Metsada Pasmanik-Chor Ram Eitan Joelle Bernheim Hanoch Levavi Ami Fishman Eliezer Flescher 《Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)》2013,91(3):357-368
Ovarian carcinoma patients are initially responsive to platinum-based therapy, but eventually become refractory to treatment due to the development of platinum chemoresistance. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the sera and ascites of these patients predict poor clinical outcome. Our goal was to analyze the interaction between cisplatin and cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells, and to identify means of circumventing platinum resistance. We studied ovarian carcinoma cell lines and cells drawn from ovarian carcinoma patients. Gene array analyses were performed on ovarian carcinoma cells upon treatment with cisplatin, and the results were validated by ELISA and Western blotting (WB). Cytotoxicity assays were performed on anti-IL-6 Ab-, IL-6-, and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (cIAP-2) siRNA-treated cells, following cisplatin addition. Our results revealed a highly significant increase in IL-6 and cIAP-2 mRNA and protein levels upon treatment with cisplatin. WB analysis of cisplatin-treated cells exhibited decreased cIAP-2 expression level following anti-IL-6 Ab addition. Furthermore, IL-6 by itself, significantly increased cIAP-2 levels in ovarian carcinoma cells. Finally, cytotoxicity assays showed sensitization to cisplatin following the addition of IL-6 and cIAP-2 inhibitors. In conclusion, cisplatin treatment of ovarian carcinoma cells upregulates IL-6 and cIAP-2 levels while their inhibition significantly sensitizes them to cisplatin. Here, we present cIAP-2 as a novel inducer of platinum resistance in ovarian carcinoma cells, and suggest an axis beginning with an encounter between cisplatin and these cells, mediated sequentially by IL-6 and cIAP-2, resulting in cisplatin resistance. Consequently, we propose that combining IL-6/cIAP-2 inhibitors with cisplatin will provide new hope for ovarian carcinoma patients by improving the current treatment. 相似文献
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Morquio A Syndrome‐Associated Mutations: A Review of Alterations in the GALNS Gene and a New Locus‐Specific Database
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Amelia Morrone Anna Caciotti Robert Atwood Kathryn Davidson Chaoyi Du Patricia Francis‐Lyon Paul Harmatz Matthew Mealiffe Sean Mooney Tal Ronnen Oron April Ryles Karl A. Zawadzki Nicole Miller 《Human mutation》2014,35(11):1271-1279
Morquio A syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis IVA) is an autosomal recessive disorder that results from deficient activity of the enzyme N‐acetylgalactosamine‐6‐sulfatase (GALNS) due to alterations in the GALNS gene, which causes major skeletal and connective tissue abnormalities and effects on multiple organ systems. The GALNS alterations associated with Morquio A are numerous and heterogeneous, and new alterations are continuously identified. To aid detection and interpretation of GALNS alterations, from previously published research, we provide a comprehensive and up‐to‐date listing of 277 unique GALNS alterations associated with Morquio A identified from 1,091 published GALNS alleles. In agreement with previous findings, most reported GALNS alterations are missense changes and even the most frequent alterations are relatively uncommon. We found that 48% of patients are assessed as homozygous for a GALNS alteration, 39% are assessed as heterozygous for two identified GALNS alterations, and in 13% of patients only one GALNS alteration is detected. We report here the creation of a locus‐specific database for the GALNS gene ( http://galns.mutdb.org/ ) that catalogs all reported alterations in GALNS to date. We highlight the challenges both in alteration detection and genotype–phenotype interpretation caused in part by the heterogeneity of GALNS alterations and provide recommendations for molecular testing of GALNS. 相似文献