Anthropometric and reproductive factors and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer by subtype and subsite: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort

Obesity has been associated with upper gastrointestinal cancers; however, there are limited prospective data on associations by subtype/subsite. Obesity can impact hormonal factors, which have been hypothesized to play a role in these cancers. We investigated anthropometric and reproductive factors in relation to esophageal and gastric cancer by subtype and subsite for 476,160 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox models. During a mean follow-up of 14 years, 220 esophageal adenocarcinomas (EA), 195 esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, 243 gastric cardia (GC) and 373 gastric noncardia (GNC) cancers were diagnosed. Body mass index (BMI) was associated with EA in men (BMI ≥30 vs. 18.5–25 kg/m²: HR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.25–3.03) and women (HR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.15–6.19); however, adjustment for waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) attenuated these associations. After mutual adjustment for BMI and HC, respectively, WHR and waist circumference (WC) were associated with EA in men (HR = 3.47, 95% CI: 1.99–6.06 for WHR >0.96 vs. <0.91; HR = 2.67, 95% CI: 1.52–4.72 for WC >98 vs. <90 cm) and women (HR = 4.40, 95% CI: 1.35–14.33 for WHR >0.82 vs. <0.76; HR = 5.67, 95% CI: 1.76–18.26 for WC >84 vs. <74 cm). WHR was also positively associated with GC in women, and WC was positively associated with GC in men. Inverse associations were observed between parity and EA (HR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.14–0.99; >2 vs. 0) and age at first pregnancy and GNC (HR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.32–0.91; >26 vs. <22 years); whereas bilateral ovariectomy was positively associated with GNC (HR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.04–3.36). These findings support a role for hormonal pathways in upper gastrointestinal cancers.     

Patterns in metabolite profile are associated with risk of more aggressive prostate cancer: A prospective study of 3,057 matched case–control sets from EPIC

Metabolomics may reveal novel insights into the etiology of prostate cancer, for which few risk factors are established. We investigated the association between patterns in baseline plasma metabolite profile and subsequent prostate cancer risk, using data from 3,057 matched case–control sets from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). We measured 119 metabolite concentrations in plasma samples, collected on average 9.4 years before diagnosis, by mass spectrometry (AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit, Biocrates Life Sciences AG). Metabolite patterns were identified using treelet transform, a statistical method for identification of groups of correlated metabolites. Associations of metabolite patterns with prostate cancer risk (OR_1SD) were estimated by conditional logistic regression. Supplementary analyses were conducted for metabolite patterns derived using principal component analysis and for individual metabolites. Men with metabolite profiles characterized by higher concentrations of either phosphatidylcholines or hydroxysphingomyelins (OR_1SD = 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.66–0.89), acylcarnitines C18:1 and C18:2, glutamate, ornithine and taurine (OR_1SD = 0.72, 0.57–0.90), or lysophosphatidylcholines (OR_1SD = 0.81, 0.69–0.95) had lower risk of advanced stage prostate cancer at diagnosis, with no evidence of heterogeneity by follow-up time. Similar associations were observed for the two former patterns with aggressive disease risk (the more aggressive subset of advanced stage), while the latter pattern was inversely related to risk of prostate cancer death (OR_1SD = 0.77, 0.61–0.96). No associations were observed for prostate cancer overall or less aggressive tumor subtypes. In conclusion, metabolite patterns may be related to lower risk of more aggressive prostate tumors and prostate cancer death, and might be relevant to etiology of advanced stage prostate cancer.     

Beta2-Microglobulin

Among the uremic toxins in the "middle molecule" range, beta2-microglobulin (β2-M) is certainly one of the most frequently studied compounds. Its serum level increases with the progression of chronic kidney disease, to reach very high concentrations in patients with end-stage kidney disease. It is the major protein component of dialysis-related amyloidosis, a dramatic complication which results from high extracellular concentration and posttranslational modification of β2-M and a number of other promoters of amyloid fibril formation and deposition in osteo-articular tissues. Effective removal of β2-M can be achieved with highly effective hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration techniques but predialysis session serum levels cannot be normalized. The prevalence and severity of β2-M amyloidosis appear to have decreased in the last 20 years, although its occurrence may simply be delayed.     

Acoustic rhinometry in nasal provocation test in perennial allergic rhinitis

Acoustic rhinometry is one method to evaluate nasal geometry by an acoustic reflection technique. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in acoustic rhinometry after nasal provocation in patients with exclusively perennial allergic rhinitis. In 19 patients, acoustic rhinometry and active anterior rhinomanometry were performed before and after nasal provocation test. There was a statistically significant nasal flow reduction measured by active anterior rhinomanometry after nasal provocation (p < 0.05) and a median symptom score of four points, both indicating a positive response to nasal provocation. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant change in the values of acoustic rhinometry after nasal provocation (p > 0.05). In patients with exclusively perennial allergic rhinitis, acoustic rhinometry does not seem to significantly change after nasal provocation. In contrast, active anterior rhinomanometry values decreased significantly after nasal provocation. The presented results indicate that acoustic rhinometry does not seem to be a diagnostic method superior to active anterior rhinomanometry in this context.     

Hepatitis B immunisation rates among infants in ethnic groups with high prevalences of hepatitis B surface antigen carriers

Abstract: To determine hepatitis B immunisation rates in infants from ethnic groups with hepatitis B surface antigen chronic carrier prevalence over 5 per cent, a questionnaire was sent to all Maternal and Child Health Centres in Victoria, requesting information on the hepatitis B and diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP) or combined diphtheria–tetanus (CDT) immunisation status for all infants born between 1 July 1992 and 30 June 1993 and at risk of hepatitis B infection because of maternal ethnicity. We received data on 3611 of 5744 infants (62.9 per cent) in targeted ethnic groups. Of these, 12.8 per cent had not received hepatitis B vaccine, and 81.6 per cent, 76.8 per cent and 64.0 per cent had received at least one, two and three doses respectively, while 84 per cent had received at least three doses of DTP vaccine and/or CDT vaccine. Coverage with DTP or CDT was higher than for hepatitis B vaccine ( P < 0.001), and coverage was better in areas with a higher percentage of infants in high–prevalence ethnic groups ( P < 0.001). Changes in the program in Victoria in terms of timing of the first dose of vaccine plus greater attention to follow–up may lead to improved hepatitis B immunisation rates among infants in targeted ethnic groups. Adoption of universal infant hepatitis B immunisation, by increasing familiarity with hepatitis B vaccine, is likely to be the best way to increase immunisation coverage for these infants.     

Optical properties of Intralipid: a phantom medium for light propagation studies.

Intralipid is an intravenous nutrient consisting of an emulsion of phospholipid micelles and water. Because Intralipid is turbid and has no strong absorption bands in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and is readily available and relatively inexpensive, it is often used as a tissue simulating phantom medium in light dosimetry experiments. In order to assist investigators requiring a controllable medium that over a finite range of wavelengths is optically equivalent to tissue, we have compiled previously published values of the optical interaction coefficients of Intralipid, most of which were measured at a wavelength of 633 nm. We have extended the measurements of the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients from 460 to 690 nm and the total attenuation coefficient from 500 to 890 nm. These measurements show that, for stock 10% Intralipid, the absorption coefficient varies from 0.015 to 0.001 cm-1 between 460 and 690 nm, the reduced scattering coefficient varies from 92 to 50 cm-1 between 460 and 690 nm, the total attenuation coefficient varies from 575 to 150 cm-1 between 500 and 890 nm, and the average cosine of scatter varies from 0.87 to 0.82 between 460 and 690 nm. With these data, we discuss the design of an optically tissue-equivalent phantom consisting of Intralipid and black India ink.     

Online access to NDT for developing countries

As editors we want as many people to have access to NDT as possible.The last 18 months have seen a number of experimental initiativesto test the technical and logistical     

Gallstone recurrence after direct contact dissolution with methyltert-butyl ether

To determine the rate and characteristics of gallstone recurrence after direct contact dissolution with methyltert-butyl ether, 60 consecutive patients were followed for up to 4.5 years (median 2.2 years) after complete disappearance of all stone residues and debris and cessation of adjuvant bile acid therapy. Initial gallstones had been multiple in all but four patients. Twenty-eight of the 60 patients developed recurrent gallstones. The cumulative risk of gallstone recurrence (actuarial analysis) was 23±6%, 34±7%, 55±8%, and 70±9% at one, two, three, and four years, respectively. The recurrent stones were usually multiple and small (6±4 mm). Gallstone recurrence was associated with recurrent biliary pain in two patients, one of whom developed acute cholecystitis. Recurrent stones were cleared completely by bile acid medication with or without shock-wave lithotripsy in 61±15% of patients at one year (actuarial analysis). In conclusion, gallstone recurrence after successful contact dissolution of multiple stones with methyltert-butyl ether has to be expected in a high percentage of patients. Most patients, however, remain free of biliary pain during long-term follow-up.