Thoracic aortic disease: Spectrum of multidetector computed tomography imaging findings

The clinical presentation of diseases involving the thoracic aorta ranges from a large number of asymptomatic patients with clinically undetectable thoracic aortic aneurysm to patients with symptoms of severe chest pain as a result of acute aortic dissection. Thoracic aortic disease often remains undiagnosed until a life-threatening complication occurs or the disease is discovered serendipitously on imaging studies performed for other purposes. Multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) imaging of the aorta is used to diagnose various acute and chronic conditions, including aortic aneurysms, aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, traumatic injury, rupture, inflammatory disorders, and congenital malformations. This review illustrates the wide range of MDCT imaging findings of thoracic aortic disease.     

2020 SCCT Guideline for Training Cardiology and Radiology Trainees as Independent Practitioners (Level II) and Advanced Practitioners (Level III) in Cardiovascular Computed Tomography: A Statement from the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography

Cardiovascular computed tomography (CCT) is a well-validated non-invasive imaging tool with an ever-expanding array of applications beyond the assessment of coronary artery disease. These include the evaluation of structural heart diseases, congenital heart diseases, peri-procedural electrophysiology applications, and the functional evaluation of ischemia. This breadth requires a robust and diverse training curriculum to ensure graduates of CCT training programs meet minimum competency standards for independent CCT interpretation. This statement from the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography aims to supplement existing societal training guidelines by providing a curriculum and competency framework to inform the development of a comprehensive, integrated training experience for cardiology and radiology trainees in CCT.     

Comparison of the Diamond-Forrester method and Duke Clinical Score to predict obstructive coronary artery disease by computed tomographic angiography

We sought to evaluate the ability of the Diamond and Forrester method (DFM) and the Duke Clinical Score (DCS) to predict obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) on coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) and the effect of these different risk scores on the appropriateness level using the 2010 Appropriate Use Criteria. Consecutive symptomatic patients who underwent CCTA for evaluation of CAD (n = 114) were classified as having a low, intermediate, or high pretest probability using the DFM and DCS. Using the Appropriate Use Criteria, the indications for CCTA were classified according to the pretest probability and previous testing. The CCTA results were classified as revealing obstructive (≥70% stenosis), nonobstructive (<70%), or no CAD. When the patients' risk was classified using the DFM, 18% were low, 65% intermediate, and 17% high risk. When using the DCS, 53% of patients had a reclassification of their risk, most of whom changed from intermediate to either low or high risk (50% low, 19% intermediate, 35% high risk). The net reclassification improvement for the prediction of obstructive CAD was 51% (p = 0.01). Of the 37 patients who were reclassified as low risk, 36 (97%) lacked obstructive CAD. Appropriateness for CCTA was reclassified for 13% of patients when using the DCS instead of the DFM, and the number of appropriate examinations was significantly fewer (68% vs 55%, p <0.001). In conclusion, reclassification of risk using the DCS instead of the DFM resulted in improved prediction of obstructive CAD on CCTA, especially in low-risk patients. More patients were categorized as having a high pretest probability of CAD, resulting in reclassification of their examination indications as uncertain or inappropriate. These results identify the need for improved pretest risk scores for noninvasive tests such as CCTA and suggest that the method of risk assessment could have important implications for patient selection and quality assurance programs.     

Radiation Dose Reduction in Pediatric Cardiac Computed Tomography: Experience from a Tertiary Medical Center

Cardiac CT angiography (cCTA) has become an established method for the assessment of congenital heart disease. However, the potential harmful effects of ionizing radiation must be considered, particularly in younger, more radiosensitive patients. In this study, we sought to assess the temporal change in radiation doses from pediatric cCTA during an 8-year period at a tertiary medical center. This retrospective study included all patients ≤18 years old who were referred to electrocardiography (ECG)-gated cCTA for the assessment of congenital heart disease or inflammatory disease (Kawasaki disease) from November 2004 to September 2012. During the study period, 95 patients were scanned using 3 different scanner models—64-slice multidetector CT (64-MDCT) and first- (64-DSCT) and second-generation (128-DSCT) dual-source CT—and 3 scan protocols—retrospective ECG-gated helical scanning (RG), prospective ECG-triggered axial scanning (PT), or prospective ECG-triggered high-pitch helical scanning (HPH). Effective dose (ED) was calculated with the dose length product method with a conversion factor (k) adjusted for age. ED was then compared among scan protocols. Image quality was extracted from clinical cCTA reports when available. Overall, 94 % of scans were diagnostic (80 % for 64-slice MDCT, 93 % for 64-slice DSCT, and 97 % for 128-slice DSCT).With 128-DSCT, median ED (1.0 [range 0.6–2.0] mSv) decreased by 85.8 % and 66.8 % compared with 64-MDCT (6.8 [range 2.9–13.6] mSv) and 64-DSCT (2.9 [range 0.9–4.1] mSv), respectively. With HPH, median ED (0.9 [range 0.6–1.8] mSv) decreased by 59.4 % and 85.4 % compared with PT (2.2 [range 0.9–3.4] mSv) and RG (6.1 [range 2.5–10.6] mSv). cCTA can now be obtained at very low radiation doses in pediatric patients using the latest dual-source CT technology in combination with prospective ECG-triggered HPH acquisition.     

Enhanced oral bioavailability of paclitaxel by recombinant interleukin-2 in mice with murine Lewis lung carcinoma

The effect of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel was investigated in the murine Lewis lung carcinoma model in C57B1/6 mice. Paclitaxel 15 mg/kg was administrated orally to mice, either alone or after 3 days pretreatment with twice daily dose of 16.5 microg rIL-2. Plasma concentrations of paclitaxel were estimated by reversed phase HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using MicroPharm software. Using Bailer's method, a significant difference was observed in the AUCs of paclitaxel administrated alone and with rIL-2 pretreatment (928.2 +/- 136.8 vs 2549.6 +/- 131.3 ng.h.ml(-1), p <0.0001). Pretreatment with rIL-2 resulted in a 3-fold increase in the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel without altering its elimination half-life (0.798 vs 0.747 h). This could be due to the inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated transport, thus enhancing paclitaxel intestinal absorption. The combination of these two drugs could be of interest in clinical practice due to their activity in pulmonary cancer.     

Improving Quality and Communication in Cardiac Imaging: The Coronary Artery Disease Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS™)

Purpose of Review

To critically examine the Coronary Artery Disease Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS?) lexicon and its nuances, with representative case examples provided for each of the major CAD-RADS classification categories and modifiers.

Recent Findings

CAD-RADS is a recently developed multi-disciplinary, multi-society standardized reporting system for coronary CTA based on scientific data and expert consensus from leaders in cardiac imaging.

Summary

CAD-RADS was developed to improve quality and communication in cardiac imaging, and to provide management recommendations based on actionable information from the coronary CTA imaging report. Widespread adoption of CAD-RADS in clinical practice will help maximize the clinical impact of coronary CTA for the care of patients with acute and stable chest pain.