以零价铜为催化剂的“活性”可控自由基聚合反应

研究了零价铜为催化剂,以ＣＣｌ４为引发剂,在２,２’－邻二吡啶（ｂｐｙ）或１,１０－邻二氮菲（ｐｈｅｎ）存在下的苯乙烯或甲基丙烯酸甲酯的“活性”／可控自由基聚合反应。研究结果表明：聚合过程中ｌｎ（［Ｍ］ｏ／［Ｍ］）与反应时间成线性增长关系,同时生成的聚合物的数均分子量与单体转化率也成线性增长关系,聚合过程呈现“活性”特征。     

Allium sativum‐derived allitridin inhibits treg amplification in cytomegalovirus infection

This study investigated the effects of allitridin compound on murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)‐induced regulatory T cell (Treg; CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺) amplification in vivo and in vitro. One hundred twenty MCMV‐infected mice were allocated at random into two groups for treatment with allitridin or placebo. Another 120 mock‐infected mice were randomly allocated as controls for the allitridin treatment and placebo treatment groups. The mice were euthanized at various time points after infection (out to 120 days) to evaluate the effects of treatment on Treg presence and function, as well as MCMV infective load. Co‐culture with mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) and MCMV was performed to evaluate allitridin‐mediated Treg and anti‐CMV effects. The maximum tolerance concentration (MTC) of allitridin was used to treat cells for 3 days. Changes in Foxp3 mRNA and protein levels, percentages of T cell subsets, and Treg‐related cytokines (IL‐10 and TGF‐β) were measured. Allitridin treatment did not influence Foxp3 expression and Treg proportion in uninfected mice, but did down‐regulate each in infected mice during the chronic infection period. Additionally, allitridin treatment reduced the MCMV load in salivary glands. MTC allitridin treatment of co‐cultures partially blocked MCMV induction of Foxp3 mRNA and protein expression. In vitro treatment with allitridin also increased significantly the percentages of Tc1, Tc2, and Th1, reduced the secreted levels of IL‐10 and TGF‐β1, and significantly suppressed viral loads. In conclusion, allitridin can promote MCMV‐induced Treg expansion and Treg‐mediated anti‐MCMV immunosuppression. Therefore, allitridin may be useful as a therapeutic agent to enhance the specific cellular immune responses against CMV. J. Med. Virol. 85:493–500, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Linking Mother–Child Discrepancies to Behavioral Observations of Children’s Anxiety

Background

Informant discrepancies between mother and child have challenged the assessment, classification, and treatment of childhood anxiety. Despite numerous studies on this matter, the implications and consequences for research and clinical practice remain unclear.

Objective

The present study aimed to obtain meaningful clinical information about informant discrepancies by examining mother–child agreement for anxiety subtypes, and by exploring mother–child discrepancies in relation to independent observer ratings of behavioral anxiety.

Method

The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders was administered to 79 mothers and clinically referred anxious children aged 7–13 years. Mother–child dyads were observed during an anxiety-provoking task and independent observers rated children’s observed anxiety.

Results

The findings indicated a high level of mother–child disagreement on reports of anxiety. There was variability in levels of agreement between subtypes of anxiety, with significantly stronger mother–child agreement for separation compared to other forms of anxiety. Observed proximity between the mother and child was positively associated with child-reported separation anxiety and children’s observed anxious voice was negatively associated with child-reported panic disorder.

Conclusions

The results highlight the need to incorporate a multi-informant assessment of childhood anxiety in clinical practice and research, in particular for subtypes of anxiety problems that are characterized by less observable and more internally experienced components.

     

Endogenous sex hormones and endometrial cancer risk in women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

Epidemiological data show that reproductive and hormonal factors are involved in the etiology of endometrial cancer, but there is little data on the association with endogenous sex hormone levels. We analyzed the association between prediagnostic serum concentrations of sex steroids and endometrial cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition using a nested case-control design of 247 incident endometrial cancer cases and 481 controls, matched on center, menopausal status, age, variables relating to blood collection, and, for premenopausal women, phase of menstrual cycle. Using conditional regression analysis, endometrial cancer risk among postmenopausal women was positively associated with increasing levels of total testosterone, free testosterone, estrone, total estradiol, and free estradiol. The odds ratios (ORs) for the highest versus lowest tertile were 2.66 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50-4.72; P=0.002 for a continuous linear trend) for estrone, 2.07 (95% CI 1.20-3.60; P=0.001) for estradiol, and 1.66 (95% CI 0.98-2.82; P=0.001) for free estradiol. For total and free testosterone, ORs for the highest versus lowest tertile were 1.44 (95% CI 0.88-2.36; P=0.05) and 2.05 (95% CI 1.23-3.42; P=0.005) respectively. Androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were not associated with risk. Sex hormone-binding globulin was significantly inversely associated with risk (OR for the highest versus lowest tertile was 0.57, 95% CI 0.34-0.95; P=0.004). In premenopausal women, serum sex hormone concentrations were not clearly associated with endometrial cancer risk, but numbers were too small to draw firm conclusions. In conclusion, relatively high blood concentrations of estrogens and free testosterone are associated with an increased endometrial cancer risk in postmenopausal women.     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后中重度胰腺炎的危险因素分析

探索中重度经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎（post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis, PEP）的相关危险因素。 方法：回顾性分析2010年6月——2020年6月期间在空军军医大学第一附属医院消化内科行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP)的6 731例初始乳头胆胰疾病患者的临床资料。插管操作以及术后并发症相关参数均为前瞻性收集。主要研究终点为中重度PEP,通过Logistic回归分析中重度PEP的相关危险因素。 结果：6 731例初始乳头的ERCP患者总体PEP发生率为5.3%（n=359）,中重度PEP发生率为1.0%（n=68）。单因素分析显示女性、ERCP适应证、插管方式、插管时间、插管次数、误进胰管次数以及有无学员参与插管等因素与中重度PEP发生有关（P均<0.10）。多因素回归分析显示,女性（OR=2.32, 95%CI: 1.28~4.21, P=0.006）、非胆总管结石（OR=2.04, 95%CI: 1.16~3.59, P=0.014）、插管时间≥5 min(OR=2.23, 95%CI: 1.20~4.13, P=0.011)、误进胰管次数≥1次(OR=1.88, 95%CI: 1.03~3.44, P=0.040)和无学员参与插管（OR=1.81,95%CI: 1.02~3.22, P=0.043）是中重度PEP的独立危险因素。 结论：中重度PEP的独立危险因素包括女性、非胆总管结石、无学员参与的插管以及困难插管等。ERCP围手术期全程管理应重视对上述因素的评估。     

The radial (Chinese) flap in hand surgery

The radial (Chinese) flap is an fascio-cutaneous flap raised on the volar aspect of the forearm based on the radial pedicle axis which can be used either pedicled or by microsurgical free transfer. In hand and thumb reconstruction, it is used as an island flap vascularized by a reverse flow from the ulnar artery via the palmar arch, keeping the pivot point at the snuff box level. The possibility to raise a composite flap with vascularized bone or tendons make the chinese flap very useful in hand reconstruction. Of the 35 cases presented, there were 30 pedicled and 5 free flaps from the opposite forearm. The island flaps were reverse flow in 30 cases and with proximal pedicle in 5. In 4 cases the flap contained flexor carpi radialis longus tendon, and in 2 cases a bone graft from the radius. The five free radial flaps transferred from the contralateral side were used as flow-through flap. There were no vascular complications. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods are discussed.     

Hand reconstruction by microsurgical free toe transfer

Reconstruction of complex hand mutilations with multi-digital or thumb amputations are best treated with microsurgical toe transfers. We present the results of the first 15 cases operated by the first author, of which 12 are thumb reconstructions (6 great toe and 6 second toe transfers) and 3 long fingers reconstructions with combined second and third toe transfers. There were no microsurgical complications. Cortical integration and functional integration was achieved for all transferred toes, with discriminatory sensibility (m2PD between 5 and 13 mm) and active mobility range between 30 and 60 degrees.