Decision analysis model of incisional hernia after open abdominal surgery

Background The incidence rate of incisional hernias after open surgery has been reported to be higher than that of port site hernias after laparoscopic surgery. No studies have compared the costs for the health care system in treating those two types of hernia. Methods A systematic review was conducted to obtain the baseline data, and a decision analysis model was created to simulate the occurrence and recurrence of incisional and port site hernias. Results The overall risk of having incisional hernias was eight-times higher than that of having port site hernias (7.4% vs 0.9%). A cost savings of ￡93 per patient can be generated for the health care system in the UK. Similar results were obtained for Germany, Italy and France. Conclusions The additional treatment costs for incisional hernia should be taken into account when the costs of a surgery performed by open approach are compared with by laparoscopy.     

Arthroscopy of the shoulder joint.

Arthroscopy is without doubt the most comprehensive procedure for shoulder lesions, providing even better inspection of the interior of the joint than conventional open procedures. In 174 diagnostic arthroscopies, it proved more reliable than the computed tomography scan, ultrasound, or arthrography. The results of ultrasonography proved disappointing despite the enthusiastic reports on this technique, probably due to imperfections of equipment and lack of expertise rather than any inherent defect in the method. Arthrography seems to have a high incidence of false results. Though an invasive method requiring anesthesia, arthroscopy offers many diagnostic advantages such as an assessment of the role of the long biceps tendon and glenohumeral ligaments in recurrent or ordinary dislocation and the recognition of rotator cuff lesions not detectable at arthrography. It is also possible to assess the nature of shoulder instability and so to plan the appropriate operative procedure. A major advantage of arthroscopy is the possibility of carrying out treatment in the same session, though many of the suggested procedures are very demanding in terms of technical skill and time; the complication rate is often excessive. It is therefore best to restrict operative arthroscopy to simpler procedures such as irrigation in joint infections, the trimming of infolded flaps of labrum or stubs of biceps tendon, and the removal of loose bodies, where results are excellent. Arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff or stapling of the labrum are more questionable regarding successes, complications, and recurrence. The equipment for arthroscopic operations needs improvement. Perhaps the major advantage of arthroscopic diagnosis is that it directs open procedures to the essential, thus minimizing operative trauma.     

Repair of lumbar spondylolysis with a hook-screw

Summary A hook-screw has been devised to link the vertebral arch and superior articular process across the defect of a spondylolysis. This method of direct repair overcomes the difficulty of fixation in dysplasia of the arch and avoids crossing the defect with a screw. Compression and a bone graft are applied to the defect to obtain union. This procedure has been used in 33 patients followed for an average period of 3.5 years, and has given satisfactory relief of back pain in 79% and radiographic fusion in 73%, with better results in patients under 20 years of age. Associated degeneration and instability of the disc spaces should be assessed before operation by magnetic resonance imaging so that a standard intervertebral fusion can be used if indicated rather than this direct approach to the lysis. The technical problems encountered and the recent addition of a compression spring to the hook-screw are described.

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Résumé En 1984 l'un de nous (E. M) a publié une nouvelle méthode de fixation de la spondylolyse au moyen d'une vis à crochet. Contrairement à la méthode décrite par Buck, cette vis ne pénètre pas la spondylolyse et ne comble pas la lacune, mais elle permet de la remplir avec de l'os spongieux et d'appliquer une bonne compression. On peut également utiliser cette vis dans les dysplasies de l'arc vertébral. Nous présentons les résultats des 33 premiers cas, avec un recul moyen de 3.7 ans. L'âge moyen au moment de l'opération était de 23 ans. 16 malades avaient moins de 20 ans, 17 étaient plus âgés. Le résultat subjectif a été satisfaisant dans 78.8% des cas. Le résultat radiologique était satisfaisant (fusion nette) dans 72.7% des cas. Les résultats des plus jeunes étaient meilleurs que ceux des plus âgès. Chez les patients de plus de 16 ans nous demandons une IRM de la colonne lombaire de routine avant l'opération. En cas de spondylolyse douloureuse, si l'on ne trouve pas de dégénérescence discale, la fixation par vis à crochet est indiquée. Mais si l'on constate une déshydratation du disque intervertébral, une spondylodèse du segment en question est le traitement de choix.

     

Dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging of plaque development in multiple sclerosis: application of an extended blood-brain barrier leakage correction

Since the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions is not yet fully understood, we investigated the potential of dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion imaging for a better characterization of lesion pathology. Twenty-five MS patients were examined on a 1.5 T scanner. A single dose of gadolinium (Gd)-DOTA contrast agent was injected, and echoplanar images were acquired every 0.5 seconds for 1 minute. From the signal intensity-versus-time curves, the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) was evaluated for regions in plaques and in gray and white matter. The rCBV calculated for acute, Gd-enhancing plaques was corrected for the effects of blood-brain barrier leakage, using a new correction algorithm. Acute plaques had significantly higher blood volumes than normal-appearing white matter (P < = 0.01). Chronic plaques that appeared hypointense on T(1)-weighted images had lower rCBV than T(1)-isointense plaques (P < = 0.03). Our results indicate that the acute phase in MS is accompanied by vasodilation. In later stages of gliosis, the perfusion decreases with increasing axonal injury. Although the DSC technique is less sensitive than conventional MR imaging, the information provided is essentially different from that obtained with any other MR method.     

A comparison of cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of urothelial carcinoma

PURPOSE: We determine the relative sensitivities of cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for the detection of urothelial carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A mixture of fluorescent labeled probes to the centromeres of chromosomes 3, 7 and 17, and band 9p21 (P16/CDKN2A gene) was used to assess urinary cells for chromosomal abnormalities indicative of malignancy. A total of 280 urine specimens from 265 patients, including 150 with a history of urothelial carcinoma and 115 without a history of urothelial carcinoma, were analyzed. FISH analysis was performed without prior knowledge of clinical findings, that is biopsy, cystoscopy and cytology results. A positive result was defined as 5 or more urinary cells with gains of 2 or more chromosomes. RESULTS: A total of 75 biopsies showed urothelial carcinoma at FISH analysis among the 265 patients. The sensitivity of urine cytology for pTa (36 cases), pTis (18) and pT1-pT4 (15) tumors was 47%, 78% and 60%, respectively, for an overall sensitivity of 58%. The sensitivity of FISH for pTa (37 cases), pTis (17) and pT1-pT4 (19) tumors was 65%, 100% and 95%, respectively, for an overall sensitivity of 81%. FISH was significantly more sensitive than cytology for pTis (p = 0.046), pT1-pT4 (p = 0.025), grade 3 (p = 0.003) and all tumors (p = 0.001). The specificity of cytology and FISH among patients without cystoscopic evidence of urothelial carcinoma and no history of urothelial carcinoma was 98% and 96%, respectively (p = 0.564). CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of FISH for the detection of urothelial carcinoma is superior to that of cytology, and the specificity of FISH and cytology for urothelial carcinoma are not significantly different. Further prospective studies are required but FISH has the potential to improve significantly the management of urothelial carcinoma.     

Anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation,thrombocytopenia and hematological malignancy

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis - Managing anticoagulation in hematological malignancy patients with atrial fibrillation and thrombocytopenia is a clinical challenge with limited data. We...     

Clinical utility of routine screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm during echocardiography

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical utility of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) as a screening method for the detection of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Each patient who was referred to the echocardiography laboratory TTE was included into the study. After complete cardiac assessment the abdominal aorta was evaluated. Patients with a known, a clinically suspected, or a previously operated AAA were excluded. RESULTS: During the study period, 14,876 patients underwent TTE. 13,166 (88.5%) of the patients were 50 years and older. Of these 6953 (52.8%) were men and 6213 (47.2%) were women. A total of 108 (0.82%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67-0.99) clinically unsuspected AAA of at least 3 cm in diameter (range 3 cm-6.8 cm) were detected. There were 93 (86.1%) men and 15 (13.9%) women with a mean age of 73.8 years (range 59-90). In 7 patients an AAA was suspected by TTE but not verified on subsequent abdominal ultrasound, as the diameter of the abdominal aorta was less than 3 cm. The prevalence of an AAA in patients 50 years and older was 1.34% (95% CI 1.08-1.64) for men and 0.24% (95% CI 0.14-0.40) for women. In patients less than 50 years old no aneurysm was detected. Seventeen patients who were found to have an AAA with a mean diameter of 4.4 cm (range 3-6 cm) underwent successful elective conventional AAA repair after a mean interval of 13.9 months (range 0.2-49 months) following the initial diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: TTE performed in a highly selected cardiac patient group in a tertiary referral center is not a useful tool to screen for clinically unsuspected abdominal aortic aneurysms due to the low prevalence. The detection of an aneurysm should be confirmed by conventional abdominal ultrasound.     

Labordiagnostik der systemischen Autoimmunerkrankungen

This is the first part of a series of articles on the laboratory diagnostics of rheumatic diseases and will consider the systemic autoimmune diseases lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, dermato/polymyositis and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD, SHARP syndrome). The basis for diagnostics is the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Initially, these antibodies are detected using a screening test. This must be followed by the identification of the patient’s individual autoantibody specificities, which then yields important diagnostic clues. Disease activity may be monitored serologically by following the titers of selected autoantibodies and, in certain patients, by examining complement consumption.