Sentinel health events surveillance in diabetes. Deaths among persons under age 45 with diabetes

The pilot study for a sentinel health events surveillance system for deaths among persons under age 45 with diabetes was conducted in six states in 1984 and 1985. Two hundred and thirty-three events were identified. Information from death certificates, physicians, and families revealed that 22% died from acute complications of diabetes and 53% from chronic complications. Blood pressure measurement and urinalysis testing had been performed in the last year for almost all of the decedents, but other preventive practices were reported less frequently. Hypertension was present in 57% and of those, was not controlled in 73%. Forty-four percent were cigarette smokers at the time of death. Agreement between physicians and families was generally higher for clinical conditions than for care practices. This surveillance system appears to yield information about the health care of persons with diabetes not readily available from other sources, although modifications may be necessary before implementation.     

Hormone dependency and histological types of prostatic carcinoma

In comparative histological and cytological studies on 270 prostatic carcinoma patients highly and moderately differentiated tumors were found to be more frequent histologically than cytologically. An early and reliable sign of response to hormone therapy proved to be reticularization and vacuolization of the nuclear chromatin. Follow-up studies by means of multiple aspiration biopsies with cytologic examinations seem to be more reliable in prognostic terms than examination of the histological tumor structure.     

Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714). On the 275th anniversary of the death of the founder of occupational dermatology

Ramazzini is not only reputed to be the father of industrial hygiene, but must be thought to be the founder of occupational dermatology too. In his famous book about diseases of artists and craftsmen (De morbis artificium diatriba) he shows us numerous job-caused dermatoses, their occupational background, and makes proposals for their treatment and prophylaxis. The medical inspection of the work place and asking for the occupational history of the patient are tracing back to him too. His life is described.     

Auricular Acupressure as a Treatment for Anxiety in Prehospital Transport Settings

Background: Auricular acupuncture at the relaxation point has been previously shown to be an effective treatment for anxiety in the preoperative setting. The purpose of this prospective, randomized, blinded study was to determine whether auricular acupressure can reduce stress and anxiety during ambulance transport.

Methods: Patients who required ambulance transport secondary to medical conditions were randomized to receive auricular acupressure at the relaxation point (n = 17) or at a sham point (n = 19). A visual analog scale was used to assess state anxiety as well as patient anticipation of hospital medical treatment (estimated waiting period for treatment, anticipated pain during treatment, attitude toward the physicians, and treatment outcomes). These variables were assessed at baseline and on arrival to the hospital.

Results: Patients in the relaxation group reported significantly less anxiety than patients in the sham group on arrival to the hospital (visual analog scale mean +/- SD: 37.6 +/- 20.6 to 12.4 +/- 7.8 mm vs. 42.5 +/- 29.9 to 46.7 +/- 25.9 mm, respectively;P = 0.002). Similarly, patient perception of pain during treatment (mean visual analog scale +/- SD: 32.7 +/- 27.7 to 14.5 +/- 8.1 mm vs. 17.2 +/- 26.1 to 28.8 +/- 21.9 mm, respectively;P = 0.006) and treatment outcomes of their illnesses (mean visual analog scale +/- SD: 46.7 +/- 29.4 to 19.1 +/- 10.4 mm vs. 35.0 +/- 25.7 to 31.5 +/- 20.5 mm, respectively;P = 0.014) were significantly more positive in the relaxation group than in the sham group. No differences were found in the other variables assessed.     

Characterisation of surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): influence of lecithin and nonionic emulsifier.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), an alternative colloidal drug delivery system to polymer nanoparticles, emulsions and liposomes, are generally produced by high pressure melt-emulsification. However, the harsh production process is not applicable for formulations containing shear and temperature sensitive compounds. For that reason, subsequent adsorptive SLN loading might be a promising alternative. The aim of the present study was the development and characterisation of surface-modified SLN for adsorptive protein loading by variation of both the lipid matrix and the emulsifier concentration in the continuous phase. Variations in SLN composition resulted in particle sizes between 674 and 61 nm corresponding to specific surfaces of 4.5 m(2)/g and 48.9 m(2)/g and zeta potentials between -23.4 mV and -0.9 mV. In dependence of SLN surface properties, albumin payload ranged from 2.5 to 15%. Thermoanalysis, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy revealed anisometrical and crystalline particles. In vitro cytotoxicity was low in terms of both haemolysis, which was between 1 and 2%, and neutral red test (NRT) showing a half lethal dose between 1.1 and 4.6%.     

Preliminary evaluation of vitiligo using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy

BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is the most common pigmentary disorder with a global incidence from 0.1% to 2% in different geographical areas. Histopathology and histochemistry have shown the reduction of melanocytes in achromic patches, but microscopic changes of lesional and non-lesional skin are still not completely understood. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), based on the different light reflectance index of cutaneous structures, allowed in vivo, en face microscopic evaluation of superficial skin layers with a resolution similar to skin histology. AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate RCM features of lesional and non-lesional skin of vitiligo patients. Moreover, re-pigmented areas were taken into consideration in order to evaluate melanocyte response to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients of different phototypes affected by active non-segmental vitiligo and 10 controls were enrolled in the study. In vivo skin imaging was done using a commercially available RCM (Lucid, Vivascope 1500. Re-pigmented areas from 6 to 16 patients (after UVB narrow-band therapy) were also examined. RESULTS: Vitiligo lesions showed the disappearance of the bright rings normally seen at the dermo-epidermal junction. Moreover, non-lesional skin of vitiligo patients showed unexpected changes as the presence of half-rings or scalloped border-like features of the bright papillary rings. In re-pigmented areas after UVB narrow band therapy, the presence of activated, dendritic melanocytes was seen. CONCLUSIONS: Considering our results, and following further studies, RCM clinical applications could be used in the therapeutic monitoring and evaluation of the evolution of vitiligo.     

Complications of orthodontic-orthognathic surgery treatment in mentally handicapped patients.

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse possible intra- and postoperative complications and long-term results in combined orthodontic-orthognathic treatment of mentally handicapped patients compared with a control group of patients without handicap. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A group of 20 mentally handicapped patients (male = 7, female = 13) and of 102 non-handicapped patients (male = 36, female = 66) were evaluated retrospectively. The results of the two point-discrimination sensory test and the cephalometric findings of both groups were assessed. Complications during and after the operation, the results of nerve function tests and relapse rates were reported. The statistical analysis was carried out using binary logistical regression analysis with adjustment according to the diagnosis and the type of operation (p < 0.05) RESULTS: No significant differences could be found between the mentally handicapped and the non-handicapped patients. Only the nerve function test immediately postoperatively revealed differences between the two patient groups. The relapse rate in mentally handicapped patients was similar to non-handicapped patients. Forty-seven months after the operation, relapse (change in the ANB angle of more than 0.5 degrees ) was observed in four patients only (handicapped patients). CONCLUSION: Orthognathic surgical procedures in mentally handicapped patients can be carried out with a similarly high success rate as in mentally healthy patients.     

Changes in aqueous outflow after in vitro neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser cyclophotocoagulation

To examine the possible role of transscleral outflow routes, enucleated human and porcine eyes underwent noncontact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser cyclophotocoagulation 3 mm posterior to the limbus. Pars plana lesions were verified histologically. The eyes were perfused with saline solution at 50 mm Hg perfusion pressure, placing the tip of the needle into the hyaloid orbicular space. The outflow facility was 0.072 microliter/min/mm Hg in paired controls and 0.105 microliter/min/mm Hg in human lasered eyes, a difference of 31%. In porcine eyes the difference was 43%. Since concepts of aqueous production, impaired circulation, and inflammation do not apply to enucleated eyes, the increase may be related to pars plana transscleral flow facilitated by disruption of the neuroepithelial barrier.