全文获取类型
收费全文 | 476篇 |
免费 | 27篇 |
国内免费 | 63篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 6篇 |
儿科学 | 22篇 |
妇产科学 | 4篇 |
基础医学 | 73篇 |
口腔科学 | 13篇 |
临床医学 | 72篇 |
内科学 | 116篇 |
皮肤病学 | 11篇 |
神经病学 | 11篇 |
特种医学 | 85篇 |
外科学 | 29篇 |
综合类 | 22篇 |
预防医学 | 15篇 |
眼科学 | 7篇 |
药学 | 53篇 |
中国医学 | 1篇 |
肿瘤学 | 26篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 11篇 |
2020年 | 2篇 |
2019年 | 5篇 |
2018年 | 7篇 |
2017年 | 4篇 |
2016年 | 5篇 |
2015年 | 11篇 |
2014年 | 14篇 |
2013年 | 16篇 |
2012年 | 14篇 |
2011年 | 7篇 |
2010年 | 15篇 |
2009年 | 22篇 |
2008年 | 8篇 |
2007年 | 47篇 |
2006年 | 18篇 |
2005年 | 15篇 |
2004年 | 5篇 |
2003年 | 2篇 |
2002年 | 5篇 |
2001年 | 13篇 |
2000年 | 11篇 |
1999年 | 16篇 |
1998年 | 28篇 |
1997年 | 40篇 |
1996年 | 27篇 |
1995年 | 23篇 |
1994年 | 14篇 |
1993年 | 25篇 |
1992年 | 4篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 13篇 |
1989年 | 20篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 8篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 12篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1960年 | 1篇 |
1959年 | 1篇 |
1903年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有566条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
The initial management of bladder outflow obstruction typically related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) falls to a large extent within the remit of general practice. Referral onwards to secondary care typically arises following the failure to respond to conservative measures or when complications have supervened; the most significant of which is urinary retention. In the hospital setting, anaesthesia, constipation and immobility are the common precipitants. What follows is a practical guide to the management of these situations and provides an overview of the conservative, medical, minimally invasive and surgical treatments available. 相似文献
2.
3.
4.
Analysis of the local kinetics and localization of interleukin-1 alpha, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta, during the course of experimental pulmonary tuberculosis. 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3 下载免费PDF全文
R Hernandez-Pando H Orozco K Arriaga A Sampieri J Larriva-Sahd V Madrid-Marina 《Immunology》1997,90(4):607-617
A mouse model of pulmonary tuberculosis induced by the intratracheal instillation of live and virulent mycobacteria strain H37-Rv was used to examine the relationship of the histopathological findings with the local kinetics production and cellular distribution of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). The histopathological and immunological studies showed two phases of the disease: acute or early and chronic or advanced. The acute phase was characterized by inflammatory infiltrate in the alveolar-capillary interstitium, blood vessels and bronchial wall with formation of granulomas. During this acute phase, which lasted from 1 to 28 days, high percentages of TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha immunostained activated macrophages were observed principally in the interstium-intralveolar inflammatory infiltrate and in granulomas. Electron microscopy studies of these cells, showed extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, numerous lysosomes and occasional mycobacteria. Double labelling with colloid gold showed that TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha were present in the same cells, but were confined to separate vacuoles near the Golgi area, and mixed in larger vacuoles near to cell membrane. The concentration of TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha as well as their respective mRNAs were elevated in the early phase, particularly at day 3 when the bacillary count decreased. A second peak was seen at days 14 and 21-28 when granulomas appeared and evolved to full maturation. In contrast, TGF-beta production and numbers of immunoreactive cells were low in comparison with the advanced phase of the disease. The chronic phase was characterized by histopathological changes indicative of more severity (i.e. pneumonia, focal necrosis and extensive interstitial fibrosis) with a decrease in the TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha production that coincided with the highest level of TGF-beta. The bacillary counts were highest as the macrophages became large, vacuolated foamy cells, and containing numerous bacilli with immunoreactivity to mycobacterial lipids and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). These macrophages displayed poor and scarce TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha immunostaining but still strong immunoreactivity to TGF-beta. These cytokine production kinetics and the spatial relationship between immunostained cells and lung lesions corroborate the important role of TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha in the constitution of granulomas and immune protection during the early phase of the infection, and also suggest an important if not primary role for TGF-beta in the immunopathogenesis of the advanced forms of pulmonary tuberculosis. 相似文献
5.
Background
There is currently an unprecedented expressed need and demand for estimates of maternal mortality in developing countries. This has been stimulated in part by the creation of a Millennium Development Goal that will be judged partly on the basis of reductions in maternal mortality by 2015. 相似文献6.
7.
8.
The CTLA-4 gene region of chromosome 2q33 is linked to, and associated with, type 1 diabetes. Belgian Diabetes Registry 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
Nistico L; Buzzetti R; Pritchard LE; Van der Auwera B; Giovannini C; Bosi E; Larrad MT; Rios MS; Chow CC; Cockram CS; Jacobs K; Mijovic C; Bain SC; Barnett AH; Vandewalle CL; Schuit F; Gorus FK; Tosi R; Pozzilli P; Todd JA 《Human molecular genetics》1996,5(7):1075-1080
Susceptibility to autoimmune insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus
is determined by a combination of environmental and genetic factors, which
include variation in MHC genes on chromosome 6p21 (IDDM1) and the insulin
gene on chromosome 11p15 (IDDM2). However, linkage to IDDM1 and IDDM2
cannot explain the clustering of type 1 diabetes in families, and a role
for other genes is inferred. In the present report we describe linkage and
association of type 1 diabetes to the CTLA-4 gene (cytotoxic T lymphocyte
associated-4) on chromosome 2q33 (designated IDDM12). CTLA-4 is a strong
candidate gene for T cell- mediated autoimmune disease because it encodes a
T cell receptor that mediates T cell apoptosis and is a vital negative
regulator of T cell activation. In addition, we provide supporting evidence
that CTLA-4 is associated with susceptibility to Graves' disease, another
organ- specific autoimmune disease.
相似文献
9.
10.