Schizophrenia following new-onset refractory status epilepticus secondary to antiphospholipid syndrome

New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) is a drug-resistant status epilepticus that often has a catastrophic outcome. Our patient was diagnosed with NORSE and had an EEG reading that showed status epilepticus persisting for 8 months in general anesthesia. After autoimmune workup showed positive antiphospholipid antibodies, his seizure was controlled, and he was discharged with good condition apart from moderate cognitive impairment. However, he later developed schizophrenia. Although psychiatric disorders have been associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, to the best of our knowledge, it has not been reported to be associated with status epilepticus. We recommend vigilance of psychological complications of refractory status epilepticus’ patients for early psychiatric referral, diagnosis, and treatment.

New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) is a syndrome of new-onset drug-resistant status epilepticus that often has a catastrophic outcome. Epilepsy is usually associated with psychiatric disorders of different manifestations of which psychosis is an example.1 However, not much is found in the literature review regarding psychiatric disorders following NORSE although a recent study concluded 32% of NORSE patients ended up with altered behavioral states like aggression.2 Schizophrenia following NORSE like in the rare presentation of this case has not been reported in the literature review before, although an association between schizophrenia and autoimmune disorders like APS has been reported.3     

Prevention of biochemical changes in gamma-irradiated rats by some metal complexes.

The formation of superoxide partially accounts for the well-known oxygen enhancement of radiation-induced biochemical changes and cell damage. Radioprotective effects of copper (II), manganese (IV) or vanadium (IV) complexes, of superoxide dismutase-mimetic activity, on body weight, survival rate and some biochemical parameters in pre-treated irradiated, untreated irradiated and treated non-irradiated female albino rats have been studied 24 h after whole body gamma-irradiation at a dose level of 6 Gy. Survival time, body weight, red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, percentage of hematocrit (Hct%), reduced glutathione (GSH), serum total protein, albumin, globulin (G), blood urea, creatinine and cholesterol were estimated, as well as the activities of blood superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutamate-oxaloacetic (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvic (GPT) transaminases, and alkaline phosphatase were assessed. A significant decline was shown in body weight, survival rate, the mean values of RBC and WBC counts, Hb and Hct percentages, and GSH concentration, as well as blood SOD activity, in whole body gamma-irradiated rats compared with the control non-irradiated rat group. The mean activity values of alkaline phosphatase, GOT and GPT, as well as the average values of blood urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, total protein and globulin were significantly elevated, while the average values of albumin and the albumin/globulin ratio were decreased in gamma-irradiated rats compared with the corresponding values of the normal control rat group. Pretreatment of rats with either manganese or vanadium complexes resulted in a significant increase in survival rate and body weight over that of the non-treated irradiated rat group. Pretreatment of rats with copper (II), manganese (IV) or vanadium (IV) complexes caused a significant increase in RBC and WBC counts, Hb concentration, HCt (%), GSH content and SOD activity in blood when compared to the irradiated rat group without treatment. The administration of copper (II), manganese (IV) or vanadium (IV) complexes prior to irradiation exposure resulted in a significant decrease in GOT and GPT activities in addition to blood urea, creatinine, cholesterol, globulin and total protein contents, while each complex exhibited a significant increase in plasma alkaline phosphatase, albumin, and the albumin/globulin ratio compared to the untreated irradiated rat group. Administration of vanadium (IV), manganese (IV) or copper (II) complexes in non-irradiated rats caused a significant increase in SOD activity without changing other biochemical parameters compared with the corresponding values of the normal control rat group. We conclude that these metallo-elements, particularly manganese (IV) and vanadium (IV) complexes of 2-methylaminopyridine, have radiation protection and radiation recovery. Furthermore, these metal complexes offer a new approach to overcome the pathological effects of ionizing radiation and suggest their use as a physiological approach to preventing or perhaps predominantly facilitating recovery from radiation injury.     

The effects of pummelo juice on pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in healthy adult male Jordanian volunteers

Purpose  

The main purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of pummelo juice on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil after oral administration.     

Closed versus open mitral commissurotomy in pure noncalcific mitral stenosis: hemodynamic studies before and after operation

Controversy persists regarding whether the efficacy of closed instrumental mitral commissurotomy compares well enough with that of open commissurotomy to warrant its continued use. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of operation as determined by catheterization studies in 63 patients with pure, severe, and noncalcified mitral stenosis. The patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: thirty-two patients were operated on by the closed technique (group I) and 31 by the open technique (group II). All patients underwent left-sided and right-sided catheterization before and 4 months after operation. Preoperatively the two groups were statistically similar with regard to major clinical data and hemodynamic findings. There were no deaths at operation or systemic embolism in the two groups. The prevalence of surgically induced mitral regurgitation was similar in the two groups (12.4% versus 12.9%). Pulmonary arterial pressure and arteriolar and total pulmonary vascular resistance decreased significantly in the two groups. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure decreased from 23.3 +/- 8.5 to 15.8 +/- 7 mm Hg in group I (p less than 0.001) and from 23.7 +/- 6 to 14 +/- 5.8 mm Hg in group II (p less than 0.001). Cardiac index increased from 2.86 +/- 0.84 to 3.14 +/- 0.78 L/min/m2 in group I, but this increase did not reach statistical significance. In group II cardiac index increased from 2.89 +/- 0.6 to 3.6 +/- 0.6 L/min/m2 (p less than 0.005). The mean and end-diastolic transmitral pressure gradients decreased significantly in the two groups, but the decrease was statistically greater in the open mitral commissurotomy group (p less than 0.001). Mitral valve area increased from 0.82 +/- 0.18 to 1.4 +/- 0.40 cm2 in group I (p less than 0.01) and from 0.84 +/- 0.15 to 2.14 +/- 0.53 cm2 in group II (p less than 0.001). The mean increase in mitral valve area was 0.61 cm2 in group I and 1.34 cm2 in group II (p less than 0.001). At exercise, in patients with resting pulmonary capillary wedge pressures of 18 mm Hg or less, cardiac index increased by 36% in group I (23 patients) and 48% in group II (24 patients), because of a smaller mitral valve area in group I (1.61 +/- 0.39 cm2) than in group II (2.45 +/- 0.65 cm2). Thus open commissurotomy improved hemodynamic values to a greater extent than closed commissurotomy at both rest and exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: an analysis of treatment outcome according to physeal stability.

INTRODUCTION: Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a common hip disorder in adolescents. Treatment can be associated with serious complications, mainly avascular necrosis (AVN). The objective of this study was to evaluate treatment outcomes and complications based on physeal stability at presentation. METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively all children treated for SCFE from 1990 through 2000 at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa. RESULTS: Of a total of 87 patients (56 male) identified, 73 had slips classed as stable and 14, unstable; 42 involved the left side, 34 the right, and 19 were bilateral. Avascular necrosis (AVN) developed in 1 patient with a stable slip (morbidity 1.4%) and in 3 with unstable slips (21.4%; p = 0.001). Manipulative anatomical reduction was done in 11 cases (78.5%), all unstable slips. All slips complicated by AVN had been classified according to the traditional system as acute-on-chronic. Complication rates differed significantly between unstable slips (36%) and stable (20%). No statistically significant association was found between AVN and slip severity, time to fixation or use of reduction. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of stable slips exhibits a lower incidence of AVN. These results nevertheless suggest that gentle reduction of unstable slips is safe and unaccompanied by an increase in complications.     

Metastatic breast carcinoma presenting with multiple gingival epulides.

A case is reported of a young patient with metastases from the breast presenting as rapidly growing gingival epulides. The initial gingival lesion appeared shortly after a bone scan had given no evidence of dissemination of the diagnosed breast cancer. Two further lesions appeared at different sites within 3 weeks.     

Follicular thyroid lesions coexisting with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: incidence and possible sources of diagnostic errors

Our objectives were to study the types and incidence of thyroid follicular lesions coexisting with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), the pitfalls in their cytodiagnosis, and the effect on management. All cases of HT diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and/or histology over a 7-yr period were retrospectively studied. HT coexisted with follicular adenoma (FA) in 6 cases, follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (FVPC) in 1 case, and goitrous nodule (GN) in 2 cases. The overall incidence rates of thyroid neoplasm and goitrous nodules coexistent with HT were 15% and 3.5%, respectively. A preoperative FNA diagnosis was available in 10 histologically proven cases of HT. A false-positive diagnosis of follicular neoplasm (FN) that led to unnecessary thyroidectomies was given in 3 cases. In 2 of these, the cytological diagnosis was HT with the possibility of coexisting FN, and in the third case, the cytological finding of HT was misinterpreted as FN. The main causes of these diagnostic pitfalls were the presence of hyperplastic follicular cells with nuclear pleomorphism, a paucity of lymphoid cells in burned-out HT, and lack of ones exposure. Nuclear pleomorphism was observed in none of the follicular adenomas. FNA diagnosed accurately the coexisting lesions in 6 cases; 3 FA, 1 FVPC, and 2 GN, but it did not sample HT. In one case, FNA diagnosed correctly both HT and the coexisting FA. Therefore, the presence of a coexistent neoplasm or goitrous nodule reduced the chances of sampling HT by 85.7%, with no false-negative results. Indeed, aspiration on and around the thyroid nodule helps in sampling HT. However, HT may dominate the smear and obscure neoplasia. This can be avoided if the procedure is performed by the pathologist and the aspiration is done on the nodule only. The overlapping cytological features of FN and HT were the main causes of false-positive results. This can be reduced by avoiding the diagnosis of FN in the presence of follicular-cell pleomorphism and/or moderate to excessive numbers of lymphoid cells, provided proper aspiration technique is maintained.     

Copolymer-monomer miscibility during copolymerization

Significant drift in the compositions of copolymer and of unreacted monomer mixture is predicted to occur during the bulk copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (VP) with butyl acrylate (BA), when the inital feed mixture contains 75 wt.-% VP. The drift in copolymer composition has been confirmed by 1 the optical appearance and glass transition (T_g) behaviour of the products of the γ-ray initiated copolymerization at various fractional conversions (C) and 2 the T_g behaviour of low-conversion samples of poly(VP-co-BA) blended in propertions so as to simulate the overall composition of material that would be present cumulatively at selected values of C during an actual copolymerization. The compositions of unreacted monomer mixtures co-existing with copolymer at selected conversions have been calculated and intrinsic viscosities [η] of blends dissolved in these VP/BA mixtures have been measured. Theta conditions for the blends have been established turbidimetrically in chloroform/heptane and the corresponding values of [η]_Θ measured. The chain expansion factors thereby derived from [η] and [η]_Θ show a decreasing affinity of copolymer for residual monomer during the course of copolymerization.     

Schistosomiasis of the spinal cord in a Yemeni boy. A report of a case with brief review of literature

A 13-year old Yemeni boy who presented with flaccid paraplegia was thought to have a spinal cord tumor on myelography. Microscopic examination of surgically excised material revealed bilharzial granulomas. Brief review of relevant literature on schistosomiasis of the spinal cord, with particular reference to the Middle East, is presented.