Interpersonal positive reframing in the daily lives of couples coping with breast cancer

Abstract

Objectives: This study examined word use as an indicator of interpersonal positive reframing in daily conversations of couples coping with breast cancer and as a predictor of stress.

Design: The Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) and Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) were used to examine naturally occurring word use conceptually linked to positive reframing (positive emotion, negative emotion, and cognitive processing words).

Sample: Fifty-two couples coping with breast cancer.

Methods: Couples wore the EAR, a device participants wear, that audio-recorded over one weekend (>16,000 sound files), and completed self-reports of positive reframing (COPE) and stress (Perceived Stress Scale). LIWC, a software program, measured word use.

Findings: Both partners’ word use (i.e., positive emotion and cognitive processing words) was associated with their own reported positive reframing, and spouses’ word use was also indicative of patients’ positive reframing. Results also revealed that, in general, words indicating positive reframing predicted lower levels of stress.

Conclusions: Findings supported the hypothesis that partners—and particularly spouses of breast cancer patients—may assist each other’s coping by positively reframing the cancer experience and other negative experiences in conversation.     

腰硬联合镇痛及患者自控镇痛对产程及分娩结局的影响

目的 探讨腰硬联合(CSEA)及患者自控镇痛(PCEA)对产程及分娩结局的影响。方法 随机选取2014年1~12月足月待产、无妊娠合并症和并发症初产妇996例,其中503例产妇于活跃期实施CSEA+PCEA镇痛(分娩镇痛组),493例未行分娩镇痛(对照组),分别记录并比较两组产妇各产程时间、子宫收缩、镇痛效果、运动神经阻滞程度、产程中缩宫素的使用率、产后出血率、羊水Ⅲ度污染率、新生儿Apgar评分、产钳助产和剖宫产率。结果 分娩镇痛组第一产程、第二产程较对照组有所延长,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);第三产程无明显改变;子宫收缩力减弱;分娩镇痛组较对照组镇痛效果显著,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);运动阻滞程度低;缩宫素使用率、产后出血率、羊水Ⅲ度污染率、及新生儿Apgar评分及产钳助产和剖宫产率两组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 腰硬联合分娩镇痛可能会使第一产程、第二产程延长,对子宫收缩力有一定的影响,但并未增加缩宫素的使用率及产钳助产和剖宫产率,其镇痛效果显著,运动阻滞程度低,对分娩结局无不良影响。     

5339例创伤患者创伤及死亡特点分析

目的　探讨创伤患者创伤及死亡特点。方法　回顾性分析 1996年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 12月我院收治 5 3 3 9例创伤患者的临床资料。结果　 5 3 3 9例创伤患者中男性 3 910例 ,女性 14 2 9例 ,平均受伤年龄 (3 5 3± 3 3 7)岁 ,2 0～ 2 9岁占 64 19%。治愈好转5 168例 ,死亡 47例 ,3 1例死于重型、特重型颅脑损伤。结论　创伤的高危人群为青壮年 ,且男性多于女性 ,交通事故是本组创伤的第一位原因。把创伤的预防与控制作为一项政府工程 ,加强宣传和教育 ,改善交通状况等均对创伤的预防与控制有重要意义     

Effectiveness of an HIV prevention intervention in prison among African Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians.

Prisons and prison inmates present important targets for HIV/AIDS prevention interventions. Inmates often have histories of high-risk behavior that place them in danger of contracting HIV/AIDS, and rates of HIV/AIDS tend to be much higher in this population. The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a prison-based HIV/AIDS intervention to change attitudes toward HIV prevention, norms supporting HIV prevention, perceived behavioral control (i.e., self-efficacy) for HIV prevention behaviors, and intentions to engage in HIV prevention behaviors postrelease. The intervention also had the goal of encouraging inmates to become HIV/AIDS peer educators. The intervention appeared most successful at influencing beliefs and behaviors related to peer education and somewhat successful at influencing beliefs and intentions related to condom use. Analyses also showed some significant differences in effectiveness by race/ethnicity. Results are discussed from the perspectives of both research and practice with regard to prison-based HIV prevention efforts.     

Evidence for dopaminergic innervation on kitten retinal ganglion cells

Effects of iontophoretically applied dopamine and its receptor antagonists on physiologically identified retinal ganglion cells were studied in the optically intact eye of pentobarbitone anaesthetised kittens (7-9 weeks of age) and the results were compared with the effects obtained from adult cats (18-22 weeks of age). In both the adult and the kitten, dopamine had an inhibitory effect on visually evoked and spontaneous activity of the retinal ganglion cells, irrespective of cell type. However, unlike in the adult, the effects of dopamine in kittens were variable and not dependent on retinal eccentricity. In adult cells, only L-sulpiride (a potent D2 receptor antagonist) reduced the inhibitory effect of exogenous dopamine, whereas in kitten cells, both alpha-flupenthixol (a potent D1 receptor antagonist) and L-sulpiride did so. When applied alone, neither alpha-flupenthixol nor affected the activity of ganglion cells in adults, but in kittens both antagonists produced an excitatory effect in some cells. Physiologically active dopaminergic innervation seemed, therefore, to be present on the immature ganglion cells, but was subsequently 'eliminated' during the course of postnatal development. Furthermore, in immature cells, both D1 and D2 type receptors are present but only D2 receptors remain in adult. Therefore, there is a mismatch between dopamine receptors and dopamine in the adult retina and this mismatch may be the consequence of a developmental event.     

Dissociable roles of the ventral, medial and lateral striatum on the acquisition and performance of a complex visual stimulus-response habit.

The effects of discrete bilateral ibotenic acid lesions to 3 areas of striatum were examined on a conditional visual discrimination task involving temporal frequency (SLOW vs FAST flashes) that had previously been shown to be sensitive to the effects of dorsal striatal dopamine depletion. Two of the groups, namely, those with nucleus accumbens (ACC) and lateral caudate-putamen (LCP) lesions, were very disrupted in the acquisition of the task. The nature of the respective impairments of the 2 groups was dissociable, however. The performance of the ACC group could be improved either by manipulations of stimulus duration or inter-stimulus interval, implying an attentional deficit. In contrast, the rats with lesions of the LCP were not significantly improved by any of the behavioural challenges. Their performance was characterised by a bias to respond to the SLOW discriminandum. Under conditions of non-reward, the LCP group extinguished their responding at a similar rate to control rats whereas the ACC group were very much more persistent. Lesions of the medial caudate-putamen failed to affect any index of performance significantly. These data suggest that the LCP is necessary for the acquisition of arbitrary stimulus-response rules and that damage to an equivalent area in humans, such as in Huntington's disease, may explain deficits of procedural memory. The second part of the experiment investigated the effects of ACC lesions on established performance of the schedule. The lesioned group behaved identically to the ACC group that had been lesioned prior to acquisition, both in terms of accuracy and degree of persistence in extinction, further implying the role of attentional factors and inflexibility in the lesion-induced deficit.     

浅谈基层医院如何掌握胆囊息肉样病变手术指征

胆囊息肉病变(PLG)临床并不少见,手术是根治的主要方法,但并非所有胆囊息肉都需手术治疗。因其病变类型不同,大小不一,疾病转归亦不尽相同,因此其手术适应证各家医院掌握也不一致。我院自1996年1月至2006年6月共收治胆囊息肉病人128例,其中手术切除胆囊119例,具体分析如下。     

Development of neurochemical separation of ON and OFF channels at retinal ganglion cells

Anatomical and physiological segregation of neurons into ON (brightening detector) and OFF (darkening detector) channels in the retina and subsequent visual system ensure the high sensitivity required for contrast detection and spatial discrimination. This segregation is finest at the visual axis. Neurochemically, ON and OFF ganglion cells at the visual axis seem to be distinguished by different inhibitory transmitters but not excitatory transmitters. Microiontophoretic studies of inhibitory transmitters on the retinal ganglion cells in kittens and adult cats suggest that this neurochemical distinction is poor in immature ganglion cells at the visual axis. Initially both ON and OFF cells seem to be supplied by GABAergic, glycinergic, and catecholaminergic amacrine cells, but in adults, ON cells remain supplied only by GABAergic amacrines, while OFF cells are supplied by glycinergic amacrines. Postnatal elimination of multiple inputs and strengthening of the appropriate inputs, as seen in the central nervous system, also seem to occur at the retinal neurotransmitter synapses during development.