全文获取类型
收费全文 | 577篇 |
免费 | 32篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 11篇 |
儿科学 | 7篇 |
妇产科学 | 10篇 |
基础医学 | 106篇 |
口腔科学 | 30篇 |
临床医学 | 81篇 |
内科学 | 84篇 |
皮肤病学 | 5篇 |
神经病学 | 104篇 |
特种医学 | 29篇 |
外科学 | 34篇 |
综合类 | 1篇 |
预防医学 | 28篇 |
眼科学 | 1篇 |
药学 | 35篇 |
中国医学 | 3篇 |
肿瘤学 | 40篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 3篇 |
2020年 | 6篇 |
2019年 | 7篇 |
2018年 | 10篇 |
2017年 | 4篇 |
2016年 | 11篇 |
2015年 | 12篇 |
2014年 | 16篇 |
2013年 | 36篇 |
2012年 | 27篇 |
2011年 | 32篇 |
2010年 | 15篇 |
2009年 | 23篇 |
2008年 | 29篇 |
2007年 | 40篇 |
2006年 | 37篇 |
2005年 | 39篇 |
2004年 | 36篇 |
2003年 | 31篇 |
2002年 | 36篇 |
2001年 | 9篇 |
2000年 | 7篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 14篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 7篇 |
1993年 | 10篇 |
1992年 | 5篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 4篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
1967年 | 3篇 |
1961年 | 1篇 |
1960年 | 1篇 |
1959年 | 1篇 |
1958年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有609条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Gennadi Naumov Elena Naumova Hilkka Turakainen Pirkko Suominen Matti Korhola 《Current genetics》1991,20(4):269-276
Summary We used a combination of genetic hybridization analysis and electrokaryotyping with radioactively labelled MEL1 gene probe hybridization to isolate and identify seven polymeric genes for the fermentation of melibiose in strain CBS 5378 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (syn. norbensis). Four of the MEL genes, i.e. MEL3, MEL4, MEL6 and MEL7, were allelic to those found in S. cerevisiae strain CBS 4411 (syn. S. oleaginosus) whereas three genes, i.e. MEL8, MEL9 and MEL10 occupied new loci. Electrokaryotyping showed that all seven MEL genes in CBS 5378 were located on different chromosomes. The new MEL8, MEL9 and MEL10 genes were found on chromosomes XV, X/XIV and XII, respectively. 相似文献
2.
Pirkko Santavuori M.D Raili Raininko M.D Sanna-Leena Vanhanen M.D Jyrki Launes M.D Kimmo Sainio M.D 《Developmental medicine and child neurology》1992,34(1):61-65
Two patients with infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis are presented whose clinical diagnosis was based on the typical clinical picture, together with absent sleep spindles and MRI findings (hypointense thalami and hyperintense periventricular white matter) as early as 18 months in one girl. In addition to a flat cortical SEP, these abnormalities appeared earlier than the typical ERG and VEP findings used previously for clinical diagnosis of this condition. MRI of the other patient showed the same changes and EEG sleep spindles were absent by two years. 相似文献
3.
Supportive treatment of patients with haematological disorders mainly takes the form of transfusions of blood and platelets,
and sometimes palliative chemotherapy is given. Most patients are treated in hospital or at the outpatient clinic. However,
it is often difficult for the patients to arrange to come to the hospital, as they need transport by ambulance or taxi and
sometimes a relative to help them. Throughout 1996 we offered such patients supportive treatment at home. A nurse was employed
on the project, who was supplied with a car and a mobile telephone. Treatment was given at home. In all, 17 patients were
treated, with a total of 90 blood and 40 platelet transfusions. At three visits chemotherapy was administered. No complications
were seen, and the patients felt safe and content. We conclude that supportive treatment at home is safe and well accepted
by patients and their relatives. In addition, the costs for transportation and hospital care of this patient group were reduced. 相似文献
4.
Eija Kattainen Pirkko Meril?inen Veikko Jokela 《European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing》2004,3(2):149-163
The purpose of this study was to describe coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) patients' need for nursing informational support in health-related (HRQoL) items before and after coronary artery procedures. As well we present the adequacy of informational support from patients' viewpoint. The study sample (N=625) consisted of consecutive male (N=439) and female (N=176) patients with CAD who were treated with elective CABG or PTCA. The data were collected by structured interview before coronary artery procedures and by mailed questionnaires 6 and 12 months afterwards in 1999-2001. Patients in both groups reported needing the most information about recovery and psychosocial functioning before and after the treatments. Single HRQoL items identified that the expectations of women and men differed during the follow-up period. Women in the PTCA group needed more informational support than men before procedures, while men needed more support afterwards. Our results suggest that the content of informational support is different for male and female patients before and after the coronary artery procedures. The effects of nursing interventions and instruments for measuring change in patients' outcome resulting from nursing interventions should be developed further. 相似文献
5.
Sanna Toppila Jouni Lauronen Pirkko Mattila Juha Pekka Turunen Leena Penttil Timo Paavonen Ossi Renkonen Risto Renkonen 《European journal of immunology》1997,27(6):1360-1365
Lymphocyte homing is initiated by their tethering to and rolling on the high endothelium and is followed by extravasation into the lymph nodes. We show here that glycosylated cell adhesion molecule-1 (GlyCAM-1), CD34, and sialyl Lewis x (sLex) are present on rat lymph node high endothelium analyzed by using monoclonal antibodies. α(1,3)fucosyltransferase VII (Fuc-TVII), the last enzyme involved in the synthesis of the sLex sequence is also expressed on the rat lymph node high endothelium. We have synthesized a family of sLex-decorated oligosaccharide structures and used them to inhibit lymphocyte binding to high endothelium in the Stamper-Woodruff assay. Monovalent sLex, branched di- and tetravalent sLex, as well as a linear tetravalent sLex significantly reduce lymphocyte binding to endothelium. The branched and linear forms of tetravalent sLex were clearly superior inhibitors of the L-selectin-dependent lymphocyte adhesion, with IC50 values in low nanomolar range. In contrast, the fucose-free analogs having the same charge and approximately the same size as the corresponding sLex glycans had no effect on lymphocyte binding and served as negative controls. Taken together, these data show the crucial importance of sLex in the endothelial ligands for L-selectin. Furthermore, we suggest that L-selectin acts as an oligomer on the lymphocyte surface as it binds multivalent sLex glycans. 相似文献
6.
Interleukin 1-induced lymphocyte binding to endothelial cells. Role of cAMP as a second messenger 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Risto Renkonen Pirkko Mattila Pekka Häyry Jarkko Ustinov 《European journal of immunology》1990,20(7):1563-1567
Interleukin 1 (IL 1) is a potent protein mediator of inflammation. Among other things it increases the number of lymphocytes adhering to endothelial cell monolayers. We analyzed the signal transduction during IL 1-induced lymphocyte binding. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, which is a cAMP analog able to penetrate into the cytosol, increased lymphocyte binding to the same extent as IL 1. Direct activation of adenylate cyclase by forskolin enhanced also lymphocyte binding. IL 1 increased the level of cytosolic cAMP in a time- and dose-dependent manner measured with radioimmunoassay. 2',5'-Dideoxyadenosine, which is an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, decreased both the IL 1-induced lymphocyte binding to endothelial cells and elevation in cytosolic cAMP levels. Lymphocyte binding increased with cytosolic cAMP levels in accordance with elevation of IL 1 concentration. These results suggest that cAMP is essential in signal transduction during IL 1-induced lymphocyte binding to cultured endothelial cell monolayers. 相似文献
7.
Temperament as a potential predictor of mortality: Evidence from a 41-year prospective study 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Pirkko L. Graves Lucy A. Mead Nae-Yuh Wang Kung-Yee Liang Michael J. Klag 《Journal of behavioral medicine》1994,17(2):111-126
Psychological factors were hypothesized to influence mortality, in particular, early versus later mortality. To explore the relationship between temperament, a psychological factor, and mortality in a prospective study of 1337 medical students, we constructed a measure portraying three temperament types, using latent class analysis. Death occurred in 113 subjects over 25–41 years of follow-up. In univariate survival analysis, subjects tending to direct tension inward when under stress (Tension-In) had a higher risk of mortality than Tension-Out or Stable types. These associations persisted after adjustment for age, smoking, cholesterol level, and Quetelet Index. The relative risk (RR) of mortality for Tension-In was 1.56 (95% confidence interval, 1.00–2.44) compared with the Stable group. The risk was due entirely to the excess risk in persons under 55 years of age (RR, 2.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.46–4.62); the corresponding risk of death in older persons was 0.66 (0.30–1.48). Thus temperament is a significant risk factor for mortality, in particular, premature death. 相似文献
8.
Pussinen PJ Laatikainen T Alfthan G Asikainen S Jousilahti P 《Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology》2003,10(5):897-902
This study aimed to clarify how concentrations of vitamin C in plasma relate to the serology of periodontitis. The random sample used comprised 431 men, 194 from Finland and 237 from Russia. The plasma vitamin C concentration was determined by o-phtaldialdehyde-fluorometry, and serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were determined by a multiserotype enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mean plasma vitamin C concentration was higher (P < 0.001) in Finnish subjects (mean +/- standard deviation, 4.5 +/- 2.8 mg/liter) than in Russian subjects (1.4 +/- 1.8 mg/liter). Mean antibody levels to both A. actinomycetemcomitans (4.7 +/- 3.6 versus 5.2 +/- 3.1 ELISA units [P = 0.05]) and P. gingivalis (5.7 +/- 2.5 versus 7.6 +/- 2.9 ELISA units [P < 0.001]) were lower in Finnish men than in Russian men. In the combined Finnish and Russian population, the antibody levels to P. gingivalis were negatively correlated with vitamin C concentrations (r = -0.22; P < 0.001); this association remained statistically significant (P = 0.010) in a linear regression model after adjustment for confounding factors. The proportion of P. gingivalis-seropositive subjects decreased with increasing vitamin C concentrations (P for trend, <0.01), but no trend was seen among A. actinomycetemcomitans-seropositive subjects. In conclusion, P. gingivalis infection is associated with low concentrations of vitamin C in plasma, which may increase colonization of P. gingivalis or disturb the healing of the infected periodontium. 相似文献
9.
Arjamaa O Mäkinen T Turunen L Huttunen P Leppäluoto J Vuolteenaho O Rintamäki H 《European journal of applied physiology》2001,84(1-2):48-53
In the study reported here, we examined blood pressure and endocrine responses in cold conditions during salt load in young
healthy subjects who had previously shown increased resting blood pressure during acutely increased sodium intake. Subjects
(n=53) added 121 mmol sodium into their normal diet for 1 week. If their mean arterial pressure had increased by a minimum of
5 mmHg compared to the previous measure they were selected for subsequent experiments. The subjects (n=8) were given 121 mmol supplemental sodium · day−1 for 14 days. They were then put into a wind tunnel for 15 min (temperature −15 °C, wind speed 3.5 · ms−1). Their blood pressure increased (P < 0.05) during the cold exposure, independent of the sodium intake. Their mean (SEM) plasma noradrenaline increased from
3.58 (0.62) nmol · l−1 to 5.61 (0.79) nmol · l−1 (P < 0.05) when the subjects were given a normal diet, and from 2.45 (0.57) nmol · l−1 to 5.06 (0.56) nmol · l−1 (P < 0.05) when the subjects were given an elevated sodium diet. The starting concentrations and the endpoint concentrations
were statistically similar. The plasma levels of the N-terminal fragment of pro-atrial natriuretic peptide decreased during
the whole-body cold exposure: with the sodium load the change was from 256.6 (25.5) nmol · l−1 to 208.0 (25.3) nmol · l−1, and with the normal diet, from 205.8 (16.4) nmol · l−1 to 175.1 (16.1) nmol · l−1. The haematocrit and red blood cell count increased (P < 0.05) with normal and elevated sodium diet in cold conditions, but haemoglobin increased (P < 0.05) only with high salt in cold conditions. To conclude, acutely increased sodium intake does not change the blood pressure
response or hormonal responses to exposure to acute cold stress in healthy subjects.
Accepted: 28 September 2000 相似文献
10.
Xingchen Wu Seyoum Nerisho Prasun Dastidar Pertti Ryymin Ritva Järvenpää Hannu Pertovaara Hannu Eskola Pirkko‐Liisa Kellokumpu‐Lehtinen 《NMR in biomedicine》2013,26(9):1186-1194
To compare different MRI sequences for the detection of lesions and the evaluation of response to chemotherapy in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 18 patients with histology‐confirmed DLBCL underwent 3‐T MRI scanning prior to and 1 week after chemotherapy. The MRI sequences included T1‐weighted pre‐ and post‐contrast, T2‐weighted with and without fat suppression, and a single‐shot echo‐planar diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) with two b values (0 and 800 s/mm2). Conventional MRI sequence comparisons were performed using the contrast ratio between tumor and normal vertebral body instead of signal intensity. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the tumor was measured directly on the parametric ADC map. The tumor volume was used as a reference for the evaluation of chemotherapy response. The mean tumor volume was 374 mL at baseline, and decreased by 65% 1 week after chemotherapy (p < 0.01). The T2‐weighted image with fat suppression showed a significantly higher contrast ratio compared with images from all other conventional MRI sequences, both before and after treatment (p < 0.01, respectively). The contrast ratio of the T2‐weighted image with fat suppression decreased significantly (p < 0.01), and that of the T1‐weighted pre‐contrast image increased significantly (p < 0.01), after treatment. However, there was no correlation between the change in contrast ratio and tumor volume. The mean ADC value was 0.68 × 10–3 mm2/s at baseline; it increased by 89% after chemotherapy (p < 0.001), and the change in ADC value correlated with the change in tumor volume (r = 0.66, p < 0.01). The baseline ADC value also correlated inversely with the percentage change in ADC after treatment (r = ?0.62, p < 0.01). In conclusion, this study indicates that T2‐weighted imaging with fat suppression is the best conventional sequence for the detection of lesions and evaluation of the efficacy of chemotherapy in DLBCL. DWI with ADC mapping is an imaging modality with both diagnostic and prognostic value that could complement conventional MRI. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献