全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4116篇 |
免费 | 307篇 |
国内免费 | 41篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 24篇 |
儿科学 | 104篇 |
妇产科学 | 54篇 |
基础医学 | 581篇 |
口腔科学 | 80篇 |
临床医学 | 612篇 |
内科学 | 855篇 |
皮肤病学 | 65篇 |
神经病学 | 237篇 |
特种医学 | 219篇 |
外国民族医学 | 1篇 |
外科学 | 565篇 |
综合类 | 35篇 |
预防医学 | 325篇 |
眼科学 | 156篇 |
药学 | 310篇 |
中国医学 | 18篇 |
肿瘤学 | 223篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 46篇 |
2022年 | 103篇 |
2021年 | 234篇 |
2020年 | 124篇 |
2019年 | 123篇 |
2018年 | 130篇 |
2017年 | 108篇 |
2016年 | 107篇 |
2015年 | 109篇 |
2014年 | 144篇 |
2013年 | 163篇 |
2012年 | 242篇 |
2011年 | 252篇 |
2010年 | 156篇 |
2009年 | 165篇 |
2008年 | 228篇 |
2007年 | 251篇 |
2006年 | 190篇 |
2005年 | 171篇 |
2004年 | 146篇 |
2003年 | 119篇 |
2002年 | 98篇 |
2001年 | 99篇 |
2000年 | 95篇 |
1999年 | 100篇 |
1998年 | 56篇 |
1997年 | 65篇 |
1996年 | 54篇 |
1995年 | 36篇 |
1994年 | 49篇 |
1993年 | 33篇 |
1992年 | 49篇 |
1991年 | 31篇 |
1990年 | 29篇 |
1989年 | 68篇 |
1988年 | 39篇 |
1987年 | 40篇 |
1986年 | 30篇 |
1985年 | 32篇 |
1984年 | 18篇 |
1983年 | 16篇 |
1982年 | 18篇 |
1981年 | 21篇 |
1980年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 10篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有4464条查询结果,搜索用时 10 毫秒
1.
Raphaëlle Jouin Denis Chateaux Dominique Drapier Thierry Pham Hoang 《Annales médico-psychologiques》2019,177(9):902-910
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (47,XXY) is the most common aneuploidy (1/650) of sexual chromosome among male (0,1 à 0,2 % of male population) (Hong and Reiss, 2014). Because its large physical phenotypic variability (high tall, sparse hairiness, gynecomastia), this syndrome is largely underdiagnosed (less than 25 % of affected persons) (Samango-Sprouse et al., 2018). Nevertheless, cognitive variability is smaller. Normal to low average total IQ, low verbal IQ, social problems and high levels of psychiatric comorbidities including early aggressiveness are commonly described (Hong and Reiss, 2014). In Denmark, higher risks of committing sexual crime and arson (compared to criminal controls) was recently reported (Stochholm et al., 2012). Quite a few clinically relevant cases reports scattered in the literature, suggests the presence of a pattern of a specific subtype of KS inpatients among forensic population (Bénézech, 1975). However, very few studies provide quantitative or qualitative pertaining to robust results. KS well-documented neurobiological (van Rijn, 2018) (e.g. low levels of testosterone), neuropsychological (Bénézech, 1975; Hong and Reiss, 2014; Samango-Sprouse et al., 2018; Savic, 2012; Seara-Cardoso et al., 2016; Senon, 2005; Stochholm et al., 2012; van Rijn, 2018; van Rijn et al., 2008; van Rijn et al., 2018; van Rijn et al., 2014; van Rijn et al., 2012) [29] (e.g. alterations of both complex cerebral — attention, empathy — and behavioral regulation functions - inhibition, mental flexibility, emotional response modulation, control of own actions) and neuroanatomical (Hong and Reiss, 2014; Itti et al., 2003; Savic, 2012; van Rijn et al., 2008; van Rijn et al., 2012) [29] (e.g. limbic system and temporal lobe abnormal volume, hemispheric specialization shortcoming) features may be helpful to understand comorbid symptoms psychopathology. Numbers of recent studies conduct on KS pediatric or adult population provide interesting results on conduct, anxiety, psychotic and autism spectrum disorders. In addition, some authors use genetic and epigenetic specific features of sex chromosome aneuploidies (e.g. X genes neurodevelopmental role; imprinting) in order to clarify genotype-phenotype links of comorbid symptoms (Bruining et al., 2011; Zitzmann et al., 2004;). With Belgian colleagues from the Social Defense Research Center (CRDS, Tournai, Belgium), we are currently recruiting KS inpatients from security hospitals or psychiatric units in Belgium and France. We aim to assess psychopathic traits with the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R, Hare) (Hare, 2003). Our first results concerning 3 KS males outline that PCL-R is useful for the characterization of clinical phenotype among KS forensic sample. While three of them present psychopathic traits, two of them present categorical double diagnose “psychopathy-KS” (total PCL-R score > = 30/40 (Delannoy et al., 2017)). Moreover, dimensional analysis support our hypothesis of a higher prevalence of “explosive profile” in comparison to other psychopathic profiles in our sample (Delannoy et al., 2017). The present article summarizes historic background (e.g. “psychopathy” disappearance of mental disorder reference classification schemes, “crime chromosome” (Bénézech, 1975)) and current context argues (e.g. French psychiatrists court experts widely refer to psychopathy concept despite a lack of consensual definition (Senon, 2005), weak knowledge and training of PCL-R and its related biopsychological recent findings (Blair, 2013; de Oliveira-Souza et al., 2008; Dotterer et al., 2017; Glenn and Raine, 2014; Hosking et al., 2017; Korponay et al., 2017; Pham, 1995; Pham, 2005; Raine, 2008; Raine et al., 2003); stigma and discrimination apprehensions of KS and psychopath) that motivate our research project. Finally, we discuss the advantages of our research protocol on KS participants assessed with PCL-R, such as tackling stigma and discrimination, better understanding psychopathology, and clarifying murky interactions of biological, psychological and social factors entangled in the development of these two fascinating troubles. 相似文献
2.
3.
4.
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II) are peptide growth factors that may be important for neonatal development. Specific high affinity IGF binding proteins (BPs) have been characterized in serum and extracellular fluids. The major serum binding complex in the adult has an apparent Mr of 150 K, while the predominant BP in the neonate is approximately 30 K. In the rat, the transition from the neonatal BP to the adult form occurs during the third postnatal week, concomitant with an increase in serum IGF-I and a decrease in serum IGF-II concentrations. Using specific RIAs and Western ligand blot analyses we have characterized the changes in serum IGF and IGF BPs, respectively, during the early postnatal period. Seven BPs were identified in serum with apparent Mr values of 42, 41, 40, 38, 28, 26, and 22 K. After deglycosylation, the 42, 41, 40, and 38 K BPs were reduced to two bands with apparent Mr values of 35 and 32 K, while the 28, 26, and 22 K BP were unchanged. In the neonate, the 28, 26, and 22 K BPs were present, with the 28 K BP in highest concentration. With increasing age, the 28 K BP decreased and the 42, 41, 40, and 38 K BPs appeared at approximately 19 days of age. Comparison of Western ligand blots of neonatal serum, BRL-3A conditioned media, rat amniotic fluid, and rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) demonstrated that all contained a prominent 28 K BP. A polyclonal antibody (alpha Hec 1) developed against the 31 K human IGF-BP (hBP-31) immunoprecipitated the 28 K BP from neonatal rat serum, BRL-3A media, rat amniotic fluid, and rat CSF, but did not react with adult rat serum. These findings suggest that, in the rat, the predominant neonatal serum BP is structurally and immunologically similar to the major BRL-3A, amniotic fluid, and CSF BPs, but distinct from the predominant adult serum BP. 相似文献
5.
6.
M Roch-Arveiller V Revelant D Pham Huy L Maman J Fontagne J R Sorenson J P Giroud 《Agents and actions》1990,31(1-2):65-71
Interaction between anti-inflammatory drugs and reactive oxygen metabolites must be considered in the course of pharmacological studies intended to develop new compounds. Effects of indomethacin, aspirin, and 3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid (3,5-DIPS) and their copper complexes on PMNL oxidative metabolism and the evolution of an acute inflammatory reaction were studied in the rat. Experiments were performed in vitro by assessment of superoxide generation and reduction of chemiluminescence by PMNLs incubated or not (control) in medium containing various concentrations of these compounds. A dose-related decrease of these parameters was observed, however, copper complexes were found to be more effective than their parent drugs or Cu gluconate. Copper complexes were also more effective anti-inflammatory agents than their parent ligands or Cu gluconate when the volume of exudate and number of exudate PMNLs were assessed after induction of pleurisy in rats by injection of isologous serum. It is concluded that modulation of the PMNL oxidative burst by copper complexes offers an accounting for the anti-inflammatory activity of these compounds. 相似文献
7.
R T Pham M Sung C R Dawson J Schachter 《Investigative ophthalmology & visual science》1990,31(7):1367-1373
The development and testing of candidate vaccines for trachoma are constrained because only humans and nonhuman primates are susceptible to conjunctival infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC), an analogous disease of guinea pigs, provides a useful, less expensive model to study ocular chlamydial infections. GPIC is caused by a Chlamydia psittaci strain whose external constituents are very similar to those of C. trachomatis. To develop a better model for studying GPIC immunity, conjunctival pockets were established under the abdominal skin of guinea pigs by subcutaneous implantation. Up to six implants could be produced in each animal. The success rate of implantation was 79.0% (n = 148). These pockets were then infected with GPIC. The organism was recovered from the autografts indicating local replication, and tests for serum antibody by microimmunofluorescence showed production of GPIC-specific antibody of IgG and IgM classes after infection. There was minimal antibody response after moderate inoculating doses to the implants, and the titers increased more slowly than after eye infection with GPIC; with higher concentration of the inoculum, however, the antibody response increased to the same levels as with the ocular challenge but more slowly. Inoculation of pockets with GPIC also produced acute inflammatory changes in infected autografts (n = 101). Histologic examination of infected grafts showed chlamydial inclusions in epithelial cells and significant infiltration with lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear cells. Subcutaneous autografts may provide a useful model for chronologic studies of chlamydial infection. The delayed immunologic response, however, suggests that these pockets of implanted epithelium do not have full access to the immune system. 相似文献
8.
9.
10.
Hausegger KA; Cragg AH; Lammer J; Lafer M; Fluckiger F; Klein GE; Sternthal MH; Pilger E 《Radiology》1994,190(1):199