Synthesis of 3-(3-pyridyl)- and 3-(3-benzo[b]thienyl)-D-alanine

The DL-arylamino acid ethyl ester derivatives of β-(3-pyridyl)-DL-alanine, and β-(3-benzo[b]thienyl)-DL-alanine were synthesized by diethyl acetamidomalonate condensation with the respective arylmethyl halides followed by partial hydrolysis to the monoethyl ester and decarboxylation. Each derivative was enzymatically resolved to a separable mixture of the corresponding N-acetyl-L-amino acid and the unchanged D amino acid derivative. Acidic hydrolysis of the latter gave the corresponding D-amino acid, the optical purity of which was established by HPLC analysis of the 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate (GITC) derivative. The free D amino acids were converted to D-BOC derivatives by reaction with di-tert-butyldicarbonate in tert-butyl alcohol, water and sodium hydroxide.     

Species Differences in 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Toxicity and Biotransformation in Fish

Species Differences in 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Toxicityand Biotransformation in Fish. KLEEMAN, J. M., OLSON, J. R.,AND PETERSON, R. E. (1988). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol 10, 206-213.Rainbow trout, yellow perch, carp, bluegill, largemouth bass,and bullhead were treated with graded doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD; 1, 5, 25, or 125 µg/ kg) or vehicle, ip. The lethalpotency of TCDD tended to be greater in yellow perch, carp,and bullhead than in the other three species (LD50 80 days post-treatment,3-5 versus 10-16 µg/kg, respectively). All species treatedwith the highest dose of TCDD (125 µg/kg) displayed alatency period of 1-4 weeks prior to death; longer latency periodswere produced by lower lethal doses. Effects of TCDD treatmenton body weight were both species-dependent and dose-dependent.Fin necrosis was observed in all fish species; however, cutaneoushemorrhage was observed only in TCDD-treated perch, carp, andbluegill, and cutaneous hyperpigmentation only in TCDD-treatedcarp and largemouth bass. Gallbladder bile was analyzed forTCDD and its metabolites 7 days after fish were injected with[¹⁴C]TCDD (60 µg/kg, ip). At least three TCDD metabolitesin addition to the parent compound were found in the gallbladderbile of all six species. In addition, the retention time ofthe major biliary TCDD metabolite (determined by HPLC) was similarin all species except yellow perch. ß-Glucuronidasetreatment of the bile from largemouth bass and bluegill suggestedthat at least two of the TCDD metabolites were glucuronide conjugates.Thus, species differences exist in the lethal potency, signsof overt toxicity, and biotransformation of TCDD among freshwaterfish.     

个体化下肢小腿假肢接受腔设计的生物力学评价技术研究

作为传递体重、固定假肢的部件 ,接受腔对于小腿假肢使用的舒适性和方便程度有决定性的作用。本研究建立了基于有限元应力分析的小腿假肢生物力学评价技术平台 ,实现了小腿残端 /接受腔 3D几何建模与信息交互、三维有限元自动建模及应力分析。 3D模型与信息交互的实现基于得到广泛支持的OpenGL技术 ,有限元模型的构建采用了专门针对小腿残端 /接受腔结构特点的自动建模方法 ,通过构建档案数据库系统作为整个系统的操作平台。该技术平台可与现有的CAD/CAM系统相结合 ,为接受腔的个体化设计提供生物力学定量化依据。其临床应用将改善传统的设计流程 ,提高设计效率。同时 ,它也是未来构建接受腔设计专家 /智能系统的基础。     

Overview and update on molecular testing in non-small cell lung carcinoma utilizing endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) samples

Lung carcinoma remains one of the most frequent and aggressive human neoplasms. Fortunately, in the last decades, the increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms leading to cancer development has allowed the use of targeted therapies with improvement of prognosis in many patients. Clinical management has also changed after the introduction of endobronchialultrasonographic bronchoscopy that allows a conservative staging of lung tumors, avoiding the need of mediastinoscopy for lymph node staging. Lung pathologists and cytopathologists are facing the challenge of giving the more comprehensive prognostic and predictive information with ever smaller tissue or cytological samples. The aim of this review is to summarize the molecular testing for non-small cell lung carcinoma and how pathologists can contribute to the patient's outcome with a conscious management of biological samples.