Dynamics of host blood effects inGlossina morsitans sspp. infected withTrypanosoma congolense andT. brucei

The pattern of infection inGlossina morsitans morsitans andG. m. centralis membrane-fed on eland, buffalo or goat blood mixed withTrypanosoma congolense orT. brucei was studied from day 1 to day 10. Tsetse were initially permissive vectors, with most flies harbouring infections of 10⁴–10⁵ parasites on day 3. However, after a second blood meal on day 3, flies cleared many infections withG. m. morsitans clearing more infections thanG. m. centralis. Infective feeds of goat blood consistently increased final infection rates by limiting the number of infections lost between days 3 and 6. In further experiments withG. m. morsitans only, this effect was replicated by feeding flies on erythrocytes but not on serum. These results suggest that compounds from some mammalian erythrocytes match the target specificity ofG. m. morsitans midgut lectins and, hence, have a protective effect on trypanosome establishment in the fly.     

Influence of D(+)-glucosamine on infection rates and parasite loads in tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) infected with Trypanosoma brucei.

Teneral Glossina morsitans centralis, G. m. morsitans and G. pallidipes were infected with three different clones of Trypanosoma brucei in blood containing D(+)-glucosamine, an inhibitor of tsetse midgut lectin. On average, 5 days of D(+)-glucosamine treatment tripled infection rates, without affecting the proportion of infections that matured. Total infection rates were equal in males and females, but twice as many infections matured in males. Counts of parasites in the guts and salivary glands of 277 flies revealed order of magnitude differences among flies, with females consistently having 2-3-times as many parasites as males. Parasite numbers varied in a sex-specific manner among tsetse-clone combinations, but these differences were not correlated with similar large differences in infection rates. D(+)-glucosamine treatment had no significant effect on parasite loads.     

Relationship between Plasma Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 Levels and Severe Malarial Anemia in an Area of Holoendemicity in Western Kenya

In this study, we investigated whether levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 in plasma are associated with severe malarial anemia outcomes in an area of holoendemicity in western Kenya. We compared plasma IL-12 and IL-18 levels in six groups of children grouped into the categories aparasitemic, asymptomatic, mild malaria, high-density uncomplicated malaria (UC), moderate malarial anemia (MMA), or severe malarial anemia (SMA). IL-12 levels were significantly reduced in children with SMA (P < 0.05) but not in other groups compared to children in the aparasitemic control group. IL-18, a cytokine known to be critical for the induction of gamma interferon along with IL-12, was produced more frequently (70%) in children with UC (P = 0.06) than in children in the aparasitemic control group (32%). However, in the SMA group the IL-18 response rate declined to 30%, which was similar to that in the aparasitemic control group, which showed a 32% response rate. This finding suggests that the IL-18 response may be impaired in children with SMA. In summary, the results from this study support the hypothesis that impairment of IL-12 and/or IL-18 response may contribute to the development of severe malarial anemia in areas of holoendemicity for malaria.     

Markers in HIV associated tuberculosis in Kenya

Tuberculosis is one of the most frequent opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients in developing countries. In some instances, manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis precede all other HIV related signs and symptoms because of the high virulence of M. tuberculosis. In order to characterise the interaction between these two pathogens, clinical and immunological parameters in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with and without HIV infection were compared. Amongst newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients the association of some of these changes with the clinical outcome were evaluated. Of these, 44% were co-infected with HIV. Pulmonary tuberculosis patients with HIV-1 presented more frequently with lymphadenopathy and diarrhoea than those without HIV-1. Peripheral blood CD4+ counts were significantly lower in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with HIV-1 than those with pulmonary tuberculosis alone, P= 0.0292. Low CD4+ lymphocyte counts, lymphadenopathy and BCG scar absence could serve as indicators of HIV-1 infection in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients.     

Levels of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) and MIP-1 beta in intervillous blood plasma samples from women with placental malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection

Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) and MIP-1 beta play an important role in modulating immune responses. To understand their importance in immunity to placental malaria (PM) and in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-PM coinfection, we investigated levels of these chemokines in the placental intervillous blood plasma (IVB plasma) and cord blood plasma of HIV-negative PM-negative, HIV-negative PM-positive, HIV-positive PM-negative, and HIV-positive PM-positive women. Compared to HIV-negative PM-negative women, the MIP-1 beta concentration in IVB plasma was significantly elevated in HIV-negative PM-positive women and HIV-positive PM-positive women, but it was unaltered in HIV-positive PM-negative women. Also, PM-infected women, irrespective of their HIV status, had significantly higher levels of MIP-1 beta than HIV-positive PM-negative women. The MIP-1 alpha level was not altered in association with either infection. The IVB plasma levels of MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta positively correlated with the cord blood plasma levels of these chemokines. As with IVB plasma, only cord plasma from PM-infected mothers had significantly elevated levels of MIP-1 beta compared to PM-negative mothers, irrespective of their HIV infection status. MIP-1 beta and MIP-1 alpha levels in PM-positive women were positively associated with parasite density and malaria pigment levels. Regardless of HIV serostatus, the IVB MIP-1 beta level was significantly lower in women with PM-associated anemia. In summary, an elevated level of MIP-1 beta was associated with PM. HIV infection did not significantly alter these two chemokine levels in IVB plasma.     

参麦注射液对内皮细胞增殖和迁移的影响

目的：探讨参麦注射液对血管生成的影响。方法：采用MTT法检测参麦注射液对牛血清和肿瘤细胞条件培养液促进的牛主动脉内皮细胞增殖的影响，采用琼脂糖刮除法检测参麦对牛血清和肿瘤条件培养液促进的牛内皮细胞迁移的影响。结果：在含10％新生小牛血清培养液中和在肿瘤细胞条件培养液中，参麦都能明显抑制牛主动脉内皮细胞增殖，且呈量效关系，对肿瘤细胞条件培养液诱导的内皮细胞迁移抑制作用显著。方法：参麦能抑制牛内细胞增殖和迁移，具有抑制血管生成的作用。     

血清白细胞介素2检测在恶性腹水白细胞介素2治疗中的应用

目的 对恶性腹水患者血清白细胞介素2(IL-2)水平进行测定,了解血清IL-2水平与腹腔灌注IL-2治疗疗效之间的关系,以期获得判定恶性腹水IL-2治疗疗效的指标。方法 54例恶性非肝癌性腹水患者均接受IL-2腹腔灌注治疗,治疗前应用ELISA法检测血清IL-2水平,将IL-2测定值较高的27例患者分为A组,IL-2测定值较低的27例患者分为B组。比较两组患者的治疗效果。结果 血清IL-2测定值较低组IL-2腹腔灌注治疗的有效率为77.8％(21/27),明显高于IL-2测定值较高组的51.9％(14/27,P<0.05)。结论 恶性腹水患者IL-2腹腔灌注治疗前血清IL-2水平高低与IL-2治疗的疗效明显相关,原有IL-2水平较低的患者IL-2腹腔灌注治疗的疗效较好。血清IL-2水平可作为判定IL-2腹腔灌注治疗疗效的指标。     

人膀胱癌细胞nm23蛋白表达量与丝裂霉素抗药指数之间的相关性研究

目的探讨膀胱癌细胞nm23蛋白表达量与丝裂霉素药物敏感性之间的相关性.为临床膀胱移行细胞癌治疗方案选择提供理论依据.方法对32例临床病理诊断为膀胱移行细胞癌标本采用S-P免疫组化和图像分析技术检测细胞的nm23蛋白表达量;同时采用MTT法测定膀胱癌细胞对丝裂霉素的药物敏感性.结果膀胱癌nm23表达量与MMC抗药指数相关,相关指数为0.890(P＜0.001).结论膀胱癌nm23蛋白表达量与MMC抗药指数呈正相关.     

睾丸扭转诊治及探讨

目的:提高睾丸扭转的诊治水平,减少其误诊率。方法:对临床19例疑诊睾丸扭转病例进行总结,并针对病例分析。结果:2例经镇静治疗后自行复住。17例手术探查,15例证实为睾丸扭转,2例为急性附睾炎。15例睾丸扭转病人中10例为鞘膜外扭转,5例为鞘膜内扭转,发病至就诊时间2h～10d,彩色多普勒超声确诊率88.1%。19例均有睾丸绞痛症状,阴囊皮肤红肿.Prehn征阳性者为18例。结论:突发睾丸疼痛,尤其阴囊皮肤红肿者,应及早行彩色多普勒超声检查,疑为睾丸扭转者应尽早手术是避免睾丸坏死的关键。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒基因组序列分析及其特性研究

Objective To analyse the genome of influenza A (H1N1) vires so as to elucidate its molecular characteristics and evolution status. Methods DNA sequences of the influenza viruses were collected from NCBI, and compared with the genomes of referenced intluenza viruses. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by the neighbor-joining method, and the pathogenicity, drug susceptibility and vaccine protection were analyzed. Results Phyiogenetic analysis showed that the genes encoding HA, PB2, PBI, PA, NP, and NS protein were most closely related to those influenza A viruses circulating in swine populations in North America. NA and M gene belonged to Eurasia lineages swine influenza vires. The amino acid sequence of the cleavage site between HA1 and HA2 was PARSSR ↓ GLFGAI with the typical characteristics of the low pathogenic influenza virus. Influenza A(H1N1) virus can spread from person-to-person. It is sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir but resistant to amantadine and remantadine. The current human seasonal influenzavaccines confered little protection against influenza A/H1N1 because of the great diversity on antigenic domains between A/H1N1 virus and vaccine virus. Conclusions Influenza A(H1N1) virus is a reassortant virus of North America and Eurasia hneages swine influenza virus. It is important to develop a vaccine against the currently circulating virus strain to control the disease spread.