First Indications of Omsk Haemorrhagic Fever Virus beyond Russia

Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) is the agent leading to Omsk haemorrhagic fever (OHF), a viral disease currently only known in Western Siberia in Russia. The symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, muscle pain, cough and haemorrhages. The transmission cycle of OHFV is complex. Tick bites or contact with infected small mammals are the main source of infection. The Republic of Kazakhstan is adjacent to the endemic areas of OHFV in Russia and febrile diseases with haemorrhages occur throughout the country—often with unclear aetiology. In this study, we examined human cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with suspected meningitis or meningoencephalitis with unknown origins for the presence of OHFV RNA. Further, reservoir hosts such as rodents and ticks from four Kazakhstan regions were screened for OHFV RNA to clarify if this virus could be the causative agent for many undiagnosed cases of febrile diseases in humans in Kazakhstan. Out of 130 cerebrospinal fluid samples, two patients (1.53%) originating from Almaty city were positive for OHFV RNA. Screening of tick samples revealed positive pools from different areas in the Akmola region. Of the caught rodents, 1.1% out of 621 were positive for OHFV at four trapping areas from the West Kazakhstan region. In this paper, we present a broad investigation of the spread of OHFV in Kazakhstan in human cerebrospinal fluid samples, rodents and ticks. Our study shows for the first time that OHFV can not only be found in the area of Western Siberia in Russia, but can also be detected up to 1.600 km away in the Almaty region in patients and natural foci.     

Epidemiological aspects of morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer in Kazakhstan

Epidemiological studies of cancer incidence in Kazakhstan have revealed an uneven distribution for cervical cancer. Incidence and mortality rates were calculated for different regions of the republic, including the two major cities of Almaty and Astana, in 1999-2008. Defined levels for cartograms for incidence were low (up to 12.8/100,000), medium (12.8 to 15.9) and high (above 15.9) and for mortality were up to 7.1, 7.1 to 10.8 and above 10.8, respectively. Basically high incidence rates were identified in the eastern, central and northern parts of the country and in Almaty. Such difference in cervical cancer data, and also variation in mortality/incidence ratios from a low of 0.4 in Almaty to a high of 0.71 in Zhambyl, point to variation in demographic and medical features which impact on risk and prognistic factors for cervical cancer in the country. Further research is necessary to highlight areas for emphasis in cancer control programs for this important cancer.     

犬用吡喹酮缓释药棒预防人、畜包虫病效果的流行病学评价

目的　评价大规模现场应用SRPⅢ型犬用吡喹酮缓释药棒预防人、畜包虫病的流行病学效果。方法　在新疆北部包虫病流行的农牧区有代表性的乡村 ,对 90 %以上的家犬皮下埋植吡喹酮缓释药棒 ,作为唯一的干预措施。以家犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率、小学新生血清抗体阳性率、7～ 16岁学生包虫病的患病率和 1岁龄绵羊包虫病患病率为指标 ,连续观察 4年 ,做出预防效果的评价。结果　家犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率实验前为 4 1 2 % ,埋植药棒后第二和第三年末均为零 ,第四年末为 2 98% ;小学新生血清抗体阳性率实验前为 4 1 2 3% ,以后逐年下降 ,至第四年末为 5 36 % ,同年对照区为 30 6 % ;7～ 16岁学生包虫病患病率实验前两个乡各为 1 6 9%和 1 89% ,三年后未检出新发患者 ;1岁龄绵羊包虫病患病率实验前为 4 4 77% ,第三年末为 10 6 6 % ,同期对照区为 4 6 38%。结论　SRPⅢ型犬用吡喹酮缓释药棒在家犬皮下埋植后的有效缓释时间可达 3年。流行病学监测结果证实以埋植这种药棒作为惟一的干预措施 ,在按规定的技术方案实施的条件下 ,可以完全控制人畜包虫病的传播。     

新疆地区676例宫颈癌临床特征分析

目的:探讨近年新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院宫颈癌的发病情况及临床特征,为宫颈癌的有效预防和临床诊治提供科学依据。方法:以我院2009年至2012年收治的676例宫颈癌患者为研究对象,对其一般资料、病理类型、临床分期等进行回顾性分析。结果:676例宫颈癌患者中,维吾尔族患者占大多数,552例(81.6%)。年龄24~85岁,中位年龄50岁,发病高峰是40~49岁组和50~59岁组,分别占33.3%和30.8%。临床大体病理分型上,菜花型居多,占43.79％;病理组织学类型以鳞状细胞癌居多,占95.12％。分化程度以中、低分化为主,分别占38.46%和33.88%。FIGO临床分期中以Ⅲb期为主,占40．5％。民族分组分析发现维吾尔族患者中晚期比例较汉族及其它少数民族高,其他各病理因素间无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。结论:新疆宫颈癌为维吾尔族妇女高发,组织学病理类型以低、中分化鳞状细胞癌多见,中晚期宫颈癌占大多数,维吾尔族晚期比例相对更高,宫颈癌早期诊断有待进一步提高。     

犬用吡喹酮缓释药棒的改进研究

目的在原有皮下埋植型犬用吡喹酮缓释药棒的基础上进一步改进,使其有效缓释时间达2年以上.设计和提供配套使用的埋植工具和方法. 方法通过对药物装量和惰性填料配比的调整,达到在保持有效剂量条件下,提高其缓释效率,并通过现场大面积应用确定其有效缓释时间. 结果经过改进的SRP Ⅲ型药棒降低了埋植后第1年的药物释放量,相应地增加了第2和第3年的药物释放量,药物在埋植后的第3年末释放完毕.在此期间完全控制了家犬中细粒棘球绦虫的自然感染. 结论 SRP Ⅲ型犬用吡喹酮缓释药棒在家犬皮下埋植后可保持有效缓释时间达3年.大规模现场验证表明可以在3年内完全控制家犬中细粒棘球绦虫的自然感染.为人畜包虫病的预防提供了一种高效、安全、使用方便的可靠措施和使用工具.