An unusual cause of adult onset cerebellar ataxia with hypogonadism

We report an unusual case of sporadic adult onset cerebellar ataxia with hypogonadism. A 40-year-old unmarried man presented with progressive ataxia and dysarthria along with complaints of non-development of secondary sexual characteristics and erectile dysfunction. There were complaints of intermittent diarrhea. Clinical examination revealed a pan-cerebellar syndrome with features of hypoandrogenism. No eye movement abnormalities were evident. There were signs of malabsorption. Investigations confirmed the presence of auto-antibodies found in celiac disease, and a duodenal biopsy confirmed the same. Hypoandrogenism was postulated to be due to hypergonadotropic hypogonadism which has been mentioned in a few patients of celiac disease. However, the pattern seen in our patient was of a hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. This is probably secondary to an autoimmune hypophysitis seen in some patients in the absence of other clinical manifestations. Autoantibody testing should be a diagnostic necessity in any adult with a sporadic cerebellar ataxia.     

Timeline for maximal subjective outcome improvement following total ankle arthroplasty

BackgroundMaximal medical improvement (MMI) establishes the timepoint when patients no longer experience clinically significant improvements following surgery. The purpose of this investigation is to establish when patients achieve MMI following total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) through the use of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs).MethodsA systematic review to identify studies on TAA which reported consecutive PROMs for two years postoperatively was performed. Pooled analysis was done at 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months. Clinically significant improvement was defined as improvement between time intervals exceeding the minimal clinically important difference.ResultsTwelve studies and 1514 patients met inclusion criteria. Clinically significant improvement was seen up to 6 months postoperatively in both the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle Hindfoot Score and Visual Analog Scale scoring systems. The Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment Dysfunction and Bother subsections showed maximal clinically significant improvement by 1 year postoperatively.ConclusionFollowing TAA, MMI is seen by one year postoperatively. Physicians may allocate the majority of resources within the first year when most of the improvement is perceived. This data may help inform preoperative counseling as it establishes a timeline for MMI.Level of evidenceIV.     

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous splenic biopsy using an 18-G core biopsy needle: our experience with 52 cases

Objective:

The spleen is more commonly affected in multiorgan disease, but alternative sites are selected for biopsy owing to perceived haemorrhage risk. If these sites are inaccessible or, less commonly, the spleen is the only disease site, then splenic biopsy is considered, with most studies using a 20- to 22-G needle. The primary aim of biopsy is to exclude underlying malignancy or to obtain histological analysis in known malignancy, usually lymphoma, when reclassification is required for therapy. We present, to our knowledge, the largest series of 18-G ultrasound-guided splenic core needle biopsy assessing diagnostic and complication rates.

Methods:

All ultrasound-guided splenic biopsy cases from May 1990 to May 2015 were identified on the radiology information system. Histological diagnosis and complications were identified from laboratory reports, case notes and discharge summaries to assess diagnostic positive and complication rates. Haemorrhages requiring transfusion, embolization or splenectomy, pneumothorax, other significant intra-abdominal injury or death are classified as major complications, whilst conservative haemorrhage management is considered a minor complication.

Results:

A total of 52 splenic biopsies were performed in 47 patients. A positive diagnostic yield for all biopsies was 90.4%. The major and minor complication rates were 0% and 1.9% (1/52), respectively.

Conclusion:

Ultrasound-guided 18-G splenic biopsy is a safe and accurate procedure with no added risk of complications when compared with smaller needles or biopsy of other abdominal organs.

Advances in knowledge:

This is the largest case series of ultrasound-guided splenic biopsy with an 18-G needle, and our experience confirms a high diagnostic yield and a complication rate which compares favourably with the biopsy of other abdominal organs.     

Implementing the National Hip Fracture Database: An audit of care

Background

Hip fractures are common injuries in the elderly, with significant associated morbidity and mortality rates. The National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) was implemented to audit care according to national standards thus improving its clinical and cost-effectiveness.

Patients and methods

We retrospectively examined the care pathway for all hip fractures after its introduction at our centre over 1 year, with an audit of care according to the BOA-BGS ‘Blue Book’ guidelines. Data between the first (period 1: initial audit) and second (period 2: re-audit) six months of the study period were compared.

Results

There were 372 patients (28% male, 72% female) in total with 190 in period 1 and 182 in period 2. For all patients, the median age was 85 years (range 33–101) and the median time to surgery was 24.5 h (1–519.3), with 251 (67.5%) within 36 h. Surgical delay was mainly due to lack of theatre space (37.6%) and medical reasons (54.7%). The median length of stay was 11 days (2–92) and the inpatient mortality rate was 6.2% (23). When comparing the two study periods, there were significantly more patients undergoing falls (p < 0.01) and bone protection (p < 0.01) assessments in period 2. Lack of theatre space was a significantly less common (p < 0.01), with a significantly shorter median time to surgery (p = 0.01) and length of stay (p < 0.01) in period 2. More patients were discharged to rehabilitation units and the mortality rate was non-significantly lower in period 2 (7.4% vs. 5%). The best practice tariff was met in 45.3% and 70.3% (p < 0.001) of patients in periods 1 and 2 respectively providing a total income of £95230.00 (GBP).

Conclusions

Implementing the NHFD has led to an improvement the quality of hip fracture care according to national guidelines. More patients were assessed by an orthogeriatrician, with a shorter time to surgery and length of stay following re-audit. There is potential for an improvement in mortality rates as well as significant financial income for hospitals.     

The New York State cardiac registries: history, contributions, limitations, and lessons for future efforts to assess and publicly report healthcare outcomes

In 1988, the New York State Health Commissioner was confronted with hospital-level data demonstrating very large, multiple-year, interhospital variations in short-term mortality and complications for cardiac surgery. The concern with the extent to which these differences were due to variations in patients' pre-surgical severity of illness versus hospitals' quality of care led to the development of clinical registries for cardiac surgery in 1989 and for percutaneous coronary interventions in 1992 in New York. In 1990, the Department of Health released hospitals' risk-adjusted cardiac surgery mortality rates for the first time, and shortly thereafter, similar data were released for hospitals and physicians for percutaneous coronary interventions, cardiac valve surgery, and pediatric cardiac surgery (only hospital data). This practice is still ongoing. The purpose of this communication is to relate the history of this initiative, including changes or purported changes that have occurred since the public release of cardiac data. These changes include decreases in risk-adjusted mortality, cessation of cardiac surgery in New York by low-volume and high-mortality surgeons, out-of-state referral or avoidance of cardiac surgery/angioplasty for high-risk patients, alteration of contracting choices by insurance companies, and modifications in market share of cardiac hospitals. Evidence related to these impacts is reviewed and critiqued. This communication also includes a summary of numerous studies that used New York's cardiac registries to examine a variety of policy issues regarding the choice and use of cardiac procedures, the comparative effectiveness of competing treatment options, and the examination of the relationship among processes, structures, and outcomes of cardiac care.