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1.
Suzanne Maman Lusajo Kajula Peter Balvanz Mrema Kilonzo Marta Mulawa Thespina Yamanis 《Global public health》2016,11(10):1202-1215
Gender inequality is at the core of the HIV patterns that are evident in sub-Saharan Africa. Gender-based violence (GBV) and lack of economic opportunity are important structural determinants of HIV risk. We piloted a microfinance and health promotion intervention among social networks of primarily young men in Dar es Salaam. Twenty-two individuals participated in the microfinance component and 30 peer leaders were recruited and trained in the peer health leadership component. We collected and analysed observational data from trainings, monitoring data on loan repayment, and reports of peer conversations to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. Eighteen of the loan recipients (82%) paid back their loans, and of these 15 (83%) received a second, larger loan. Among the loan defaulters, one died, one had chronic health problems, and two disappeared, one of whom was imprisoned for theft. The majority of conversations reported by peer health leaders focused on condoms, sexual partner selection, and HIV testing. Few peer leaders reported conversations about GBV. We demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of this innovative HIV and GBV prevention intervention. The lessons learned from this pilot have informed the implementation of a cluster-randomised trial of the microfinance and peer health leadership intervention. 相似文献
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Kilonzo BS 《The Central African journal of medicine》1999,45(3):70-76
Human plague is one of the important re-emerging zoonotic diseases threatening public health in some African, Asian and South American countries. During the period 1978 to 1997, Africa reported the largest numbers of plague cases and deaths in the world. During the decade 1978 to 1987, 19 countries reported 10 537 cases. Ten of the countries and 41.9% of the reported cases were in Africa. At least 14.5% of the cases reported in Africa died. Similarly, during the decade 1988 to 1997, 22 countries, 12 of which were in Africa, reported a total of 17,674 cases and 1,465 deaths. Of these, 11,711 cases of which 9.6% died, were reported from Africa. 相似文献
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Dirk L. Christensen Jeanette Eis Andreas W. Hansen Melanie W. Larsson David L. Mwaniki Beatrice Kilonzo 《Annals of human biology》2013,40(2):232-249
Background: Obesity is increasing rapidly in Africa, and may not be associated with the same changes in body composition among different ethnic groups in Africa.Objective: To assess abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat thickness, prevalence of obesity, and differences in body composition in rural and urban Kenya.Subjects and methods: In a cross-sectional study carried out among Luo, Kamba and Maasai in rural and urban Kenya, abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat thicknesses were measured by ultrasonography. Height and weight, waist, mid-upper arm circumferences, and triceps skinfold thickness were measured. Body mass index (BMI), arm fat area (AFA) and arm muscle area (AMA) were calculated.Results: Among 1430 individuals (58.3% females) aged 17–68 years, abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat, BMI, AFA and waist circumference (WC) increased with age, and were highest in the Maasai and in the urban population. AMA was only higher with increasing age among males. The prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥ 25) (39.8% vs. 15.8%) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30) (15.5% vs. 5.1%) was highest in the urban vs. rural population.Conclusion: Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat thickness was higher with urban residency. A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was found. The Maasai had the highest overall fat accumulation. 相似文献
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The concept of responsibility was derived originally from principles of morality, as part of a network of rights, duties and obligations. HIV risk-related studies have suggested that a sense of responsibility for condom use to protect a partner is a potentially important predictor of condom use in drug-using populations. We created a four-item scale measuring Self responsibility to use condoms and Partner's responsibility to use condoms. Data were collected from three drug-using samples: crack smokers, HIV seropositive crack smokers in an intervention study in Houston, Texas, and Tanzanian heroin users in Dar es Salaam. Data indicated that the four responsibility items had high alpha coefficients in each sample, and that there were moderate to high intercorrelations between equivalent self and partner responsibility items. There were significant differences in scale scores between the crack smokers and the HIV positive crack smokers and the Tanzanian samples, but no significant differences between the HIV positive and Tanzanian samples. Comparing within the first crack-smoker sample those who were HIV positive and negative showed significant differences in the direction of higher beliefs in responsibility to use condoms in the HIV positive group. These data suggest that responsibility is measurable, holds similar psychometric properties across three samples differing in culture and HIV serostatus, and that condom use responsibility is conceptualized as a measure of general responsibility rather than as a reciprocal self/partner responsibility. 相似文献
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McCormack K Rabindranath K Kilonzo M Vale L Fraser C McIntyre L Thomas S Rothnie H Fluck N Gould IM Waugh N 《Health technology assessment (Winchester, England)》2007,11(23):iii-iv, ix-x, 1-66
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Epidemiological investigations were executed at 6 locations in the western Usambara mountains in north-east Tanzania from November 1980 to May 1982. Rodent, human and dog sera were checked for agglutinating plague antibodies, using the passive haemagglutination test. Fraction I plague antigen was similarly tested for in rodent organ macerates. Bubo aspirates and rodent organ-smears were microscopically examined for plague bacilli. A total of 257 rodents and 191 fleas were collected. Rattus rattus, Praomys natalensis and Arvicanthis niloticus were the commonest rodent species. Flea ectoparasites mostly comprised of Xenopsylla brasiliensis and Dinopsyllus lypusus. Specific plague antibodies were detected in 2.8%, 10% and 2.9% of the rodents examined in November 1980, November 1981 and May 1982 respectively. Similarly, plague antibodies were found in 0.6%, 1.2% and 0.5% of the human sera tested in September 1981, November 1981 and May 1982 respectively. All the dog sera were negative. The results suggested past contact with plague and existence of a persistent plague focus in the area. Health education for villagers, maintenance of a plague surveillance programme and regular seminars for medical and health personnel in the area were recommended in order to prompt early detection, reporting and control of an outbreak. 相似文献