Two convenient spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone. A specific colour reaction for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide is reported. One method is based on the reaction of hydrochlorothiazide withn-butylamine and cobaltous chloride in anhydrous methanol. A blue-violet colour is produced and is measured at 570 nm. A highly selective colorimetric method was adopted for the analysis of spironolactone by reacting with isoniazid forming a coloured hydrazone derivative and subsequent measurement of the coloured product at 405 nm.From Determination of certain diuretics, M Pharm Sci thesis.The volumetric flasks were dried by rinsing them with pure acetone after draining off the water, then allowing to drain until dry or blowing air through them. 相似文献
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has a wide range of outcomes depending on host immune responses mainly Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling and released cytokines. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) may influence the course of CHB. We aimed to elucidate the relation between TLR-2 polymorphism, IL-6 profile, and CHB progression. We analyzed TLR-2 polymorphism (SNP; rs3804099) in 185 CHB patients and 60 controls using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Serum IL-6 levels were assessed by ELISA. IL-6 levels were considerably higher in active CHB and cirrhotic patients compared with inactive carriers and controls (P < 0.001). IL-6 showed positive correlation with ALT and advanced fibrosis in active CHB patients (r = 0.31, P = 0.02). A significant positive correlation was noticed between IL-6 and HBV DNA PCR in all CHB groups. TT genotype of rs3804099/TLR-2 was significantly more prevalent in inactive carriers compared to active hepatitis patients (P = 0.04, OR = 0.39 and 95% CI: 0.16–0.95). Both heterozygous CT and mutant TT genotypes were significantly more frequent among inactive carriers compared to cirrhotic patients (P = 0.01, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13–0.81 and P = 0.009, OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13–0.77). TT genotype was significantly related to lower IL-6 levels in active hepatitis and cirrhotic groups (P = 0.005 and P = 0.001, respectively) showing that TLR mutations would be associated with milder hepatitis activity and lower possibility for disease progression. There may be a positive association between TLR2 rs3804099 polymorphism and hepatitis B activity. IL-6 is a good indicator of CHB disease progression.
ABSTRACT This article aims at identifying a threshold number of drinks per day beyond which there is a high risk of developing alcoholic behavior that would enable physicians to more confidently support the use of alcohol for cardiovascular risk prevention. In a randomly selected, population-based sample of 2,042 adults 45 years or older, we graded alcohol drinking behavior using the Self-Administered Alcoholism Screening Test, quantified alcohol amount by questionnaire, and assessed the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (coronary, peripheral, or cerebrovascular disease) by medical record review. Although optimal alcohol use (≤2 drinks/day) was associated with reduced odds of cardiovascular disease, 43% of alcoholics and 82% of problem drinkers reported alcohol use in the optimal range as well. The association of alcohol use in the optimal range with alcohol-related behavioral problems supports the reluctance in physicians from recommending alcohol use for cardiovascular benefit, not withstanding the underreporting of alcohol use by alcoholics. 相似文献
Hepatitis C virus(HCV)is a major health burden infecting 170-210 million people worldwide.Additional 3-4millions are newly-infected annually.Prevalence of pediatric infection varies from 0.05%-0.36%in the United States and Europe;up to 1.8%-5.8%in some developing countries.The highest prevalence occurs in Egypt,sub-Saharan Africa,Amazon basin and Mongolia.HCV has been present in some populations for several centuries,notably genotypes 1 and 2 in West Africa.Parenteral anti-schistosomal therapy practiced in the 1960s until the early 1980s had spread HCV infection throughout Egypt.Parenteral acquisition of HCV remains a major route for infection among Egyptian children.Insufficient screening of transfusions,unsterilized injection equipment and re-used needles and syringes continue to be major routes of HCV transmission in developing countries,whereas vertical transmission and adolescent high-risk behaviors(e.g.,injection drug abuse)are the major routes in developed countries.The risk of vertical transmission from an infected mother to her unborn/newborn infant is approximately 5%.Early stages of HCV infection in children do not lead to marked impairment in the quality of life nor to cognitive,behavioral or emotional dysfunction;however,caregiver stress and family system strain may occur.HCV slowly progresses to serious complications as cirrhosis(1%-2%)and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)especially in the presence of risk factors as hemolytic anemias,obesity,treated malignancy,and concomitant human immune deficiency and/or hepatitis B virus co-infection.HCV vaccine remains elusive to date.Understanding the immune mechanisms in patients who successfully cleared the infection is essential for vaccine development.The pediatric standard of care treatment consists of pegylated interferon-α2a or b plus ribavirin for 24-48 wk.The new oral direct acting antivirals,approved for adults,need further evaluation in children.Sustained virologic response varies depending on the viral load,genotype,duration of infection,degree of am 相似文献