Intracranial circulation: pulse-sequence considerations in three- dimensional (volume) MR angiography

The technique and feasibility of magnetic resonance (MR) angiography of intracranial vessels were studied in 35 healthy volunteers. Variations in image orientation, repetition time (TR), and flip angle were evaluated to determine their effects on flow-related enhancement. Gradient modifications--including echo time (TE), motion compensation, bandwidth, and field of view--were also studied in an effort to reduce motion-induced phase shifts. Results indicated that a FISP (fast imaging with steady precession) sequence with a TR of 50 msec, TE of 15 msec, velocity compensation in the read and section-select directions, acceleration compensation in the read direction, anisotropic volume, and a 1.25-mm partition thickness produced three-dimensional angiographic MR images that were accurate and reproducible in the depiction of the major intracranial vessels. Difficulties with field of view, persistent signal void secondary to higher-order motion, and spatial resolution remain major problems requiring additional study.     

Do-not-resuscitate orders for critically ill patients in the hospital. How are they used and what is their impact?

We studied compliance with do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders at a university hospital where a DNR protocol has existed since 1979. Documentation of DNR status in patient progress notes and chart orders increased through 1983. During a 12-month period (March 1983 through April 1984), we studied in detail the medical records of 521 patients who had a cardiopulmonary arrest in the hospital. Seventy-five percent (389 of 521) of these patients were designated DNR. Patients who were designated DNR were significantly more likely to be older, to have malignancy or an abnormal mental status, and to be less likely to have acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease than patients in whom resuscitation was attempted. Eighty-six percent of families, but only 22% of patients, were involved in the decision to designate a patient DNR. The decision to designate a patient DNR occurred late in the course of a patient's illness, often when the patient was in coma. For 28% of patients, some form of medical care was withdrawn or withheld after they were designated DNR. These data suggest that use of the DNR protocol requires changes if patients are to participate in the decision not to undergo cardiopulmonary resuscitation.     

Early childhood factors influencing health-related quality of life in adolescents at 13 years

Early childhood factors influencing health-related quality of life in adolescents at 13 years . Wilkins , A.J. , O'Callaghan , M.J. , Najman , J.M. , Williams , G.M. & Shuttlewood , G. ( 2004 ) Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 40 , 102 – 109 .     

Serum ferritin in haemodialysis patients: is there a relationship to 'haemochromatosis alleles' HLA A3, B7, B14?

Serum ferritin levels were measured in 57 patients on maintenance haemodialysis to determine if patients who possessed 1 or more of the histocompatibility antigens associated with idiopathic haemochromatosis (HLA A3, B7 or B14) were at increased risk of iron overload. There was no significant difference in the mean serum ferritin levels between those patients with HLA A3, B7 or B14 (357.9 +/- 522.6 ng/1; n = 19) and those without these antigens (393.7 + 556.2 ng/1; n = 38). Iron overload in haemodialysis patients is not a histocompatibility-linked disorder.     

Paediatric dacryocystorhinostomy

Of 258 cases of dacryocystorhinostomy performed on children in the period September 1981 to September 1991, 130 were for simple, unresolved congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Other indications for surgery included punctal agenesis, lacrimal fistula, post-traumatic and post-inflammatory canalicular obstruction. Of 177 children without canalicular pathology, 171 (96%) were relieved of symptoms with one operation, without canalicular intubation. Of 81 cases with canalicular disease, 55 of 70 (79%) who underwent DCR plus canalicular intubation, and 10 of 11 who underwent DCR plus Lester-Jones tube, were substantially improved with one operation. No child required peroperative or postoperative blood transfusion. Dacryocystorhinostomy in childhood, in experienced surgical hands, is a safe procedure, achieving relief of symptoms in most cases, particularly in the absence of canalicular disease.     

Phosphatidylcholine does not affect peritoneal transport of intact rabbits

Ultrafiltration and solute transport during 60-min peritoneal dialyses of normal rabbits with intraperitoneal administration of phosphatidylcholine were compared to control values. The ultrafiltration rate of 0.27 mL/Kg/min did not increase when phosphatidylcholine was added. This agent had no effect on the ultrafiltration coefficient, sodium mass transport or solute clearances. Previously reported beneficial results with this agent could be due to repletion of a deficiency or an effect of the organic solvent. More studies of safety and efficacy of phosphatidylcholine are warranted before widespread clinical use.     

Health-related quality of life of severely obese children and adolescents

Context One in seven US children and adolescents is obese, yet little is known about their health‐related quality of life (QOL). Objective To examine the health‐related QOL of obese children and adolescents compared with children and adolescents who are healthy or those diagnosed as having cancer. Design, setting and participants Cross‐sectional study of 106 children and adolescents (57 males) between the ages of 5 and 18 years [mean (SD) 12.1 (3) years], who had been referred to an academic children's hospital for evaluation of obesity between January and June 2002. Children and adolescents had a mean (SD) body mass index (BMI) of 34.7 (9.3) and BMI z‐score of 2.6 (0.5). Main outcome measures Child self‐report and parent‐proxy report using a paediatric QOL inventory generic core scale (range 0–100). The inventory was administered by an interviewer for children aged 5 through 7 years. Scores were compared with previously published scores for healthy children and adolescents and children and adolescents diagnosed as having cancer. Results Compared with healthy children and adolescents, obese children and adolescents reported significantly (P < 0.001) lower health‐related QOL in all domains [mean (SD) total score, 67 (16.3) for obese children and adolescents; 83 (14.8) for healthy children and adolescents]. Obese children and adolescents were more likely to have impaired health‐related QOL than healthy children and adolescents [odds ratio (OR) 5.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.4–8.7] and were similar to children and adolescents diagnosed as having cancer (OR 1.3; 95% CI 0.8–2.3). Children and adolescents with obstructive sleep apnoea reported a significantly lower health‐related QOL total score [mean (SD), 53.8 (13.3)] than obese children and adolescents without obstructive sleep apnoea [mean (SD), 67.9 (16.2)]. For parent‐proxy report, the child or adolescent's BMI z‐score was significantly inversely correlated with total score (r = ?0.246; P = 0.01), physical functioning (r = ?0.263; P < 0.01), social functioning (r = ?0.347; P < 0.001), and psychosocial functioning (r = ?0.209; P = 0.03). Conclusions Severely obese children and adolescents have lower health‐related QOL than children and adolescents who are healthy and similar QOL as those diagnosed as having cancer. Physicians, parents and teachers need to be informed of the risk for impaired health‐related QOL among obese children and adolescents to target interventions that could enhance health outcomes.