The progression of 'naive' and 'memory' T-cells and the T-cell receptor Vbeta (TCR Vbeta) repertoire dynamics within the peripheral CD4+ T-cell compartment were studied in individuals following HIV seroconversion. Profound TCR Vbeta repertoire perturbations were observed within the CD4+ T-cell pool in treatment-naive patients regardless of their levels of viremia during the first 6-8 months after seroconversion. The ratio of 'naive' to 'memory' CD4+ T-cells as well as the TCR Vbeta repertoire dynamics did not appear to correlate with absolute numbers of CD4 T-cells. 相似文献
Martin S. Hirsch, MD; Françoise Brun-Vézinet, MD; Richard T. D'Aquila, MD; Scott M. Hammer, MD; Victoria A. Johnson, MD; Daniel R. Kuritzkes, MD; Clive Loveday, MD, PhD; John W. Mellors, MD; Bonaventura Clotet, MD, PhD; Brian Conway, MD; Lisa M. Demeter, MD; Stefano Vella, MD; Donna M. Jacobsen; Douglas D. Richman, MD
JAMA. 2000;283:2417-2426.
Objective Assays for drug resistance testing in humanimmunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are now availableand clinical studies suggest that viral drug resistance is correlatedwith poor virologic response to new therapy. The InternationalAIDS SocietyUSA sought to update prior recommendationsto provide guidance for clinicians regarding indications forHIV-1 resistance testing.
Participants An International AIDS SocietyUSA 13-memberphysician panel with expertise in basic science, clinical research,and patient care involving HIV resistance to antiretroviraldrugs was reconvened to provide recommendations for the clinicaluse of drug resistance testing.
Evidence and Consensus Process The full panel met regularlybetween January and October 1999. Resistance and resistancetesting data appearing in the last decade through April 2000and presentations at national and international research conferenceswere reviewed. Recommendations and considerations were developedby 100% group consensus, acknowledging that definitive datato support final recommendations are not yet available.
Conclusions Emerging data indicate that despite limitations,resistance testing should be incorporated into patient managementin some settings. Resistance testing is recommended to helpguide the choice of new regimens after treatment failure andfor guiding therapy for pregnant women. It should be consideredin treatment-naive patients with established infection, butcannot be firmly recommended in this setting. Testing also shouldbe considered prior to initiating therapy in patients with acuteHIV infection, although therapy should not be delayed pendingthe results. Expert interpretation is recommended given thecomplexity of results and assay limitations.
The aim of this article is to document the incidence and appearances of the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland, and discuss the clinical relevance of this entity in sonographic practice. A prospective study was undertaken over a period of 10 months. A total of 416 consecutive patients attending head and neck ultrasound lists were scanned by a single experienced radiologist or an advanced practitioner sonographer. At the time of reporting, the presence of a pyramidal lobe was recorded. The anatomical morphology was classified into five subgroups devised for the purposes of the study. Appearances were documented in both normal and pathological glands. Of the total number of patients scanned, 90 patients were found to have pyramidal lobes, giving an overall incidence of 21%. In all, 51% were found to originate from the right of the isthmus, 46% from the left and 2% from the midline. One patient had two pyramidal lobes. A significant number of patients having routine neck ultrasounds have an incidental finding of a pyramidal lobe. Ultrasound is an effective modality for the demonstration and classification of the pyramidal lobe, as well as identification of pathology. It is important for radiologists to be aware of this normal variation, as it may be the site of primary or recurrent thyroid pathology. Radiologists should report it where relevant to ensure adequate surgical treatment of pathological glands. 相似文献
In 1996 the International AIDS Society-USA convened an international panel of experts in HIV drug resistance and clinical management to develop guidelines for the clinical use and limitations of resistance testing. Since then the International AIDS Society-USA Resistance Testing Guidelines Panel has developed and regularly published its recommendations. The latest panel recommendations appear in the July 1 issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases. We periodically pose questions to the panel relating to clinical elements of resistance testing that have been collected from HIV practitioners across the nation. We are happy to feature the latest edition in this issue of Topics in HIV Medicine. It is our hope that addressing these issues will help guide your treatment strategy decisions regarding resistance testing. 相似文献
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether mode of delivery or the use of maternal or neonatal antiretroviral prophylaxis influence the age when HIV-1 can first be detected in infected infants, particularly the probability of detection at birth. METHODS: In a collaboration between four multicentre studies, data on 422 HIV-1 infected infants who were assessed by HIV-1 DNA PCR or cell culture before 14 days of age were analysed. Weibull mixture models were used to estimate the cumulative proportion of infants with detectable levels of HIV-1 according to use of maternal/neonatal antiretroviral therapy (mainly zidovudine monotherapy) and mode of delivery. RESULTS: HIV-1 was detected in 162 infants (38%) when they were first tested, at a median age of 2 days. At birth, it was estimated that 36% [95% confidence interval (CI), 31-41%] of infants have levels of virus that can be detected by DNA PCR or cell culture. This percentage was not associated with either mode of delivery (35% for vaginal delivery versus 40% for cesarean section delivery; P = 0.4) or the use of maternal or neonatal antiretroviral prophylaxis. Among infants with undetectable levels of HIV-1 at birth, the median time to viral detectability was estimated to be 14.8 days (95% CI, 12.9-16.8 days). This time was increased by 15% (95% CI, -11 to 48%; P = 0.3) among infants who were exposed to antiretroviral therapy postnatally compared with infants who were not exposed. No effect was observed for mode of delivery. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of an early virological test for HIV-1 is thought to be related directly to the timing of transmission and cesarean section delivery primarily reduces the risk of intrapartum transmission. The absence of an association between mode of delivery and viral detectability at birth was therefore unexpected. There was no evidence that foetal or neonatal exposure to prophylactic zidovudine delays substantially the diagnosis of infection, although this cannot be inferred for combination antiretroviral therapy. 相似文献
Cell lines are traditionally used as tools for in vitro studies of breast cancer. It is highly debatable however, because of the genetic drift that occurs in such long term cultures how representative these cell lines are of breast cancer in vivo. For this reason primary cultures are generally regarded as a better model. Here we have used a primary culture technique (Int. J. Cancer, 66 (1996) 551; Br. J. Cancer, 78 (1998) 1421) to obtain primary breast cancer cells from 13 breast cancer biopsies. We then describe the development and use of methodology to confirm the purity of the cultures. The acquisition of a highly pure population of epithelial cells was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis of intracellular vimentin and cytokeratin 19. The methodology described will have many applications in studies requiring a highly pure population of epithelial breast cancer cells, as well as wide use in other cancers. 相似文献