Parental loss and problem behaviour in Greek adolescents: student and teacher perspectives

The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that social attitudes may result in teachers overestimating behavioural problems of adolescents from separated families. A total of 833 secondary school students in the Greek region of Thrace were classified in three groups according to their family situation (intact, parental separation, parental death). Their psychological and behavioural functioning was assessed in two ways: (a) by themselves using the Youth Self Report (YSR), (b) by their teachers with the Questionnaire on Symptoms of Problem Behaviour (QSPB). Students from separated families presented higher scores in both YSR and QSPB tests. Results indicated that students with a similar self-assessment (YSR) scores, were rated differently by their teachers. The ones belonging to separated families were estimated to be more inhibited-neurotic and immature. On the contrary, the orphan students were judged favourably concerning anti-social behaviour. Prejudice against divorce and separation as a possible explanation for this discrepancy and its impact on the students is discussed.     

Two pathways of exocytosis of cytoplasmic granule contents and target cell killing by cytokine-induced CD3+ CD56+ killer cells

Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxic cells generated by incubation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MoAb), interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-1, and interferon-gamma. Cells with the greatest effector function in CIK cultures coexpress CD3 and CD56 surface molecules. CIK cell cytotoxicity can be blocked by MoAbs directed against the cell surface protein leukocyte function associated antigen-1 but not by anti-CD3 MoAbs. CIK cells undergo release of cytoplasmic cytotoxic granule contents to the extracellular space upon stimulation with anti-CD3 MoAbs or susceptible target cells. Maximal granule release was observed from the CD3+ CD56+ subset of effector cells. The cytoplasmic granule contents are lytic to target cells. Treatment of the effector cells with a cell-permeable analog of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) inhibited anti-CD3 MoAb and target cell- induced degranulation and cytotoxicity of CIK cells. The immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin (CsA) and FK506 inhibited anti-CD3- mediated degranulation, but did not affect cytotoxicity of CIK cells against tumor target cells. In addition, degranulation induced by target cells was unaffected by CsA and FK506. Our results indicate that two mechanisms of cytoplasmic granule release are operative in the CD3+ CD56+ killer cells; however, cytotoxicity proceeds through a cAMP- sensitive, CsA- and FK506-insensitive pathway triggered by yet-to-be- identified target cell surface molecules.     

Interval between insulin injection and breakfast in diabetes

The relationship between the insulin-breakfast interval, postprandial increase in blood glucose, and glycaemic control was studied in 58 children with diabetes. Patients recorded insulin-breakfast intervals in a home diary over a seven day period, and during a 24 hour period at the weekend provided eight serial capillary dried blood spots for glucose analysis. The highest mean blood glucose value occurred two hours after breakfast and showed a significant correlation with fructosamine concentrations. Weekend insulin-breakfast intervals ranged from 2-30 minutes, with 70% reporting intervals of less than 15 minutes. There was a significant correlation between the weekend insulin-breakfast interval and the after breakfast increase in blood glucose with a mean increment of 0.4 mmol/l in the 30 minute group and 7.2 mmol/l in the 2 minute group. Over the whole study period, children with mean insulin-breakfast intervals of two to 12 minutes had a mean fructosamine concentration of 376 mumol/l compared with 341 mumol/l in those with intervals of 15-35 minutes. This study has shown that the interval between insulin injection and breakfast significantly influences the morning postprandial rise in blood glucose and consequently short term glycaemic control. It is therefore important that patients are encouraged to leave an interval of about 30 minutes between insulin injection and breakfast.     

Translation and validation of the Depression Outcomes Module (DOM) in Greece

In Greece, as in other countries, major depressive disorder is underdiagnosed. Its severity, implications and outcomes are often not adequately evaluated. The Depression Outcomes Module (DOM) was developed in order to meet the need for a global assessment of this disorder. The objective of the current study was to estimate the psychometric properties of DOM in a Greek population presenting depressive symptoms. The DOM was translated into Greek. Patients were examined twice (baseline and follow-up assessment). The psychometric properties of DOM were calculated. Subjects were 83 psychiatric inpatients and outpatients presenting depressive symptoms. The measures used were DOM, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM III-R (SCID) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D). The results were: (a) baseline assessment: test-retest reliability k = 0.90, internal consistency 0.93, sensitivity 97%, specificity 90%; (b) follow up assessment: test-retest reliability k = 0.89, sensitivity 81% and specificity 67%. Recovery from depression detected by DOM at the follow-up was significantly correlated both with pharmacotherapy and with a combination of pharmacotherapy and supportive psychotherapy. It was concluded that the Greek version of DOM is a comprehensive, useful instrument for diagnosing, assessing depression and evaluating its outcomes.     

Mental health problems in the elderly in residential care in Greece--A pilot study

The aim of this study is to examine the mental health problems of older adults living in a residential home in a Greek rural area. A sample of 40 residents was compared with 40 matched controls attending a community open care centre for the elderly (OCCE). The following measures were used: Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Geriatric Depression Screening Scale (GDSS), and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). The group of the residents had a lower educational level and presented with a higher prevalence of depression and suicidality. Suicidal ideation was not significantly correlated to any of the examined independent social or psychological factors and was persistent during a period of two years follow-up. It is possible that, especially in rural areas, admission in the institution is per se a traumatic event precipitating suicidality. The issues of effective psychological care for older adults in residential care are discussed.     

Sociodemographic and psychological characteristics associated with smoking among Greek medical students

This study aims to investigate associations between sociodemographic and psychological characteristics and smoking among Greek medical students. The students studied were separated into four groups: non-smokers and occasional, regular and heavy smokers. The students completed a battery of inventories and checklists. Immigrant students, users of other psychoactive substances, students more prone to minor delinquency and students with high scores on activity level, approach to new situations, sociability and novelty seeking showed higher smoking rates. A better understanding of these differences could be useful for the planning of antismoking policy.