Vertebral sarcoidosis: long-term follow-up with MRI

Vertebral involvement in sarcoidosis is rare and its clinical and imaging features are non-specific. Indeed, because the lesions are hard to differentiate from metastatic disease based on imaging alone, a histological confirmation is advised. Fatty replacement is a well-known finding indicating stabilization and healing in both benign and malignant conditions. It can be used as an indicator of a favorable disease course and response to treatment. We report the case of a 43-year-old woman with multifocal vertebral sarcoidosis lesions and long-term follow-up showing progressive and gradual fatty involution on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during 4 years of steroid treatment with a final favorable outcome.     

Comparison of treatment of severe high-density lipoprotein cholesterol deficiency in men with daily atorvastatin (20 mg) versus fenofibrate (200 mg) versus extended-release niacin (2 g)

To determine whether available lipid-modifying medication can increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in well-defined genetic or familial HDL-deficiency states, we studied 19 men with HDL deficiency (HDL cholesterol <5th percentile for age and gender) 55 +/- 10 years of age. Concomitant risk factors included diabetes (n = 3) and hypertension (n = 7) and 8 patients had coronary artery disease. Molecular analysis revealed that 4 patients had a mutation in the ABCA1 gene. Patients were assigned to sequentially receive atorvastatin 20 mg/day, fenofibrate 200 mg/day, and extended-release niacin 2 g/day for 8 weeks, with a 4-week washout period between each treatment. Patients in whom a statin was required, according to current treatment guidelines, were kept on atorvastatin throughout the study. Baseline HDL cholesterol level was 0.63 +/- 0.12 mmol/L (24 +/- 5 mg/dl), triglycerides 2.01 +/- 0.98 mmol/L (180 +/- 86 mg/dl), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 2.29 +/- 0.95 mmol/L (94 +/- 39 mg/dl). Mean percent changes in HDL cholesterol on atorvastatin, fenofibrate, and niacin were -6% (p = NS), +6% (p = NS), and +22% (p <0.05), respectively. Furthermore, niacin significantly increased the large alpha-1 apolipoprotein A-I-containing HDL subspecies (12 to 17 nm). In conclusion, niacin was the only effective drug to increase HDL cholesterol. The absolute increase in HDL cholesterol, approximately 0.10 mmol/L (3.9 mg/dl), is of uncertain clinical significance. Biomarkers of HDL-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux were not changed by niacin therapy. Atorvastatin or fenofibrate had little effect on HDL cholesterol; atorvastatin decreased the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio by 26%. Fenofibrate did not change HDL cholesterol levels and caused an increase in LDL cholesterol. Aggressive LDL cholesterol lowering may be the strategy of choice in such patients.     

From inflamm-aging to immune-paralysis: a slippery slope during aging for immune-adaptation

Aging is accompanied by many physiological changes including those in the immune system. These changes are designated as immunosenescence indicating that age induces a decrease in immune functions. However, since many years we know that some aspects are not decreasing but instead are increasing like the pro-inflammatory activity by the innate immune cells, especially by monocytes/macrophages. Recently it became evident that these cells may possess a sort of memory called trained memory sustained by epigenetic changes occurring long after even in the absence of the initiator aggressor. In this review we are reviewing evidences that such changes may occur in aging and describe the relationship between inflamm-aging and immunosenescence as an adaptation/remodelling process leading on one hand to increased inflammation and on the other to decreased immune response (immune-paralysis) mastered by the innate immune system. These changes may collectively induce a state of alertness which assure an immune response even if ultimately resulting in age-related deleterious inflammatory diseases.     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen: two case reports

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the spleen is an uncommon entity with debated etiology, characterized by a mixture of inflammatory cells and a component of myofibroblastic spindle cells. This lesion needs to be distinguished from the follicular dendritic cell tumor and the inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. We report two cases of splenic PTI in a 69-year old and a 62-year old women. The tumors measured respectively 80 and 30 mn in greatest dimension. An inflammatory pseudotumor was histopathologically diagnosed following a splenectomy.     

MRI T2 mapping sequence concordance with CT-arthrography for knee cartilaginous lesions in traumatic and degenerative lesions

Objective

To assess the concordance of MRI T2 mapping sequence with CT-arthrography for traumatic and degenerative chondral lesions.

Subjects and methods

Fifteen consecutive patients were included prospectively from September 2011 to April 2012. They referred for CT-arthrography examination for degenerative or traumatic knee pain and had also knee 3 T MRI with T2 mapping sequences. CT-arthrography was used as benchmark diagnostic test for chondral lesion, read in a consensual way by two senior musculo-skeletal radiologists. The same, blinded to CT-arthrography results, independently reviewed standard and T2 Mapping MRI sequences and rated number of hyaline cartilage lesions, and their grade according to the International Cartilage Research Society Score (ICRS) in each anatomical compartment. Size and T2 value of the largest lesion was measured. We used Mac Nemar test to assess concordance between MRI and CT-arthrography findings, a regression model to compare CT-arthrography ICRS classification to T2 values, and Wilcoxon test for inter-reader agreement.

Results

Because of artifact and loss to follow-up, 11 patients were finally included. Concordance of T2 mapping MRI with CT-arthrography for reader 1 and reader 2 were respectively 90% and 80% in medial compartment, 50% and 70% in lateral compartment, 90% and 70% in anterior compartment. There was no significant correlation between CT-arthrography ICRS classification and T2 values (P > 0.06). No significant differences between reader 1 and reader 2 were observed when evaluating the prevalence of knee lesions (P = 0.25 for the medial compartment, P = 0.62 for the lateral compartment and P = 1 for the anterior zone).

Conclusion

T2 mapping is a reproducible imaging technique, with a good concordance to CT-arthrography for detection and size of chondral lesions, with no correlation between CT-arthrography ICRS grade and T2 values.     

Effect of Isothermal Conditions on the Charge Trapping/Detrapping Parameters in e-Beam Irradiated Thermally Aged XLPE Insulation in SEM

The effect of isothermal conditions on the trapping/detrapping process of charges in e-beam irradiated thermally aged XLPE insulation in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been investigated. Different isothermal conditions ranging from room temperature to 120 °C are applied on both unaged and aged XLPE samples (2 mm thick) by a suitable arrangement associated with SEM. For each applied test temperature, leakage, and influence currents have been measured simultaneously during and after e-beam irradiation. Experimental results show a big difference between the fresh and aged material regarding trapping and detrapping behavior. It has been pointed out that in the unaged material deep traps govern the process, whereas the shallow traps take part in the aged one. Almost all obtained results reveal that the trapped charge decreases and then increases as the temperature increases for the unaged sample. A deflection temperature corresponding to a minimum is observed at 50 °C. However, for the aged material, the maximum trapped charge decreases continuously with increasing temperature, and the material seems to trap fewer charges under e-beam irradiation at high temperature. Furthermore, thermal aging leads to the occurrence of detrapping process at high temperatures even under e-beam irradiation, which explains the decrease with time evolution of trapped charge during this period. The recorded leakage current increases with increasing temperature for both cases with pronounced values for aged material. The effect of temperature and thermal aging on electrostatic influence factor (K) and total secondary electron emission yield (σ) were also studied.