Uncertainty evaluation at three spatial scales for the NDVI-based VWC estimation method used in the SMAP algorithm

Vegetation water content (VWC) is the key input parameter for a soil moisture retrieval algorithm based on microwave remote sensing, and VWC uncertainty can limit the estimated accuracy of soil moisture. There has been little research on VWC algorithm development and validation in China, and the uncertainty of the VWC estimation method has not been well evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the uncertainty of the VWC estimation method used in the SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) algorithm on three spatial scales (the point-scale, 30 m scale, and 1 km scale) for maize in northeast China. Results from three ground experimental datasets showed that the SMAP VWC estimation method was strongly biased with an average overestimation of 1.16 kg m^?2,1.04 kg m^?2, and 1.13 kg m^?2 for the point-scale, 30 m scale, and 1 km scale respectively, and maximum bias occurred in the mid-stage of maize. Also, a new power relationship between NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and VWC was proposed for the 30 m scale based on Sentinel 2 NDVI and field VWC values from 2017 experiment, with respective R² (coefficient of determination) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) values of 0.80 and 0.67 kg m^?2. The results confirmed that this power relationship was still suitable for VWC estimation at the 1 km scale, and it has smaller bias than the original SMAP VWC method. Future work will be carried out to evaluate the applicability of this VWC estimation method over a lager region. It is expected that it can improve the accuracy of soil moisture by providing high precision VWC input parameters.     

免疫检查点抑制剂应用于晚期胃癌治疗的研究进展

我国属胃癌高发国家,且以进展期胃癌为主。以手术和化疗为主的多学科治疗无法有效改善晚期胃癌患者的预后。近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂类药物的疗效在诸多癌症中得到了证实,因此,该类药物在胃癌中的治疗效果也受到了广泛的关注。本文对近年来的相关研究成果进行综述,全面介绍了免疫检查点抑制剂类药物在胃癌治疗中的临床应用情况、联合用药情况以及不良反应。对于其他治疗均失败的晚期胃癌患者,PD-1抑制剂是一个可行的治疗选项,其代表药物派姆单抗是目前唯一被美国食品药品监督管理局批准应用于胃癌治疗的免疫抑制剂类药物,而我国国家食品药品监督管理总局尚未批准任何此类药物应用于胃癌的临床治疗。如何进一步提高治疗的客观缓解率,将会是后续临床和基础研究的一大焦点。     

关于医用B超基本工作原理及故障维修措施的研究

经济社会的快速发展,提升了人们的生活水平人们对医疗事业的发展提出了更高的要求,我国也加大了对医疗事业的建设与发展。尤其是所使用的相关设备与仪器。其中,医用B超就是最主要的医疗设备,能够通过设备的检查,对人体的身体情况以数据的形式展现,直接能够了解到人体的健康情况,提升医疗事业的技术水平,同时,也为医疗工作这提供了方便快捷的工作方式。但是,医用B超设备在使用的过程中,会受到一些因素的影响,使其发生故障,会对各项工作造成不同程度的影响。因此,需要对其加强管理,能够及时地发现故障问题,采取科学的措施解决,确保医疗事业的稳定发展。     

Attachment to Caregivers and Type 1 Diabetes in Children

Attachment is a behavioral and physiological system, which enables individual’s dynamic adaptation to its environment. Attachment develops in close interaction between an infant and his/her mother, plays an important role in the development of the infant’s brain, and influences the quality of interpersonal relationships throughout life.Security of attachment is believed to influence individual response to stress, exposing insecurely organized individuals to deregulated autonomic nervous system and exaggerated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity, which, in turn, produces increased and prolonged exposure to stress-hormones. Such stress responses may have considerable implications for the development of diverse health-risk conditions, such as insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia, shown by numerous studies.Although the mechanisms are not yet fully understood, there is compelling evidence highlighting the role of psychological stress in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). One of the possible contributing factors for the development of T1D may be the influence of attachment security on individual stress reactivity. Thus, the suggestion is that insecurely attached individuals are more prone to experience increased and prolonged influence of stress hormones and other mechanisms causing pancreatic beta-cell destruction.The present paper opens with a short overview of the field of attachment in children, the principal attachment classifications and their historic development, describes the influence of attachment security on individual stress-reactivity and the role of the latter in the development of T1D. Following is a review of recent literature on the attachment in patients with T1D with a conclusion of a proposed role of attachment organization in the etiology of T1D.