全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1713篇 |
免费 | 150篇 |
国内免费 | 15篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 7篇 |
儿科学 | 35篇 |
妇产科学 | 28篇 |
基础医学 | 237篇 |
口腔科学 | 12篇 |
临床医学 | 248篇 |
内科学 | 783篇 |
皮肤病学 | 16篇 |
神经病学 | 108篇 |
特种医学 | 63篇 |
外科学 | 142篇 |
综合类 | 48篇 |
一般理论 | 2篇 |
预防医学 | 43篇 |
眼科学 | 5篇 |
药学 | 59篇 |
肿瘤学 | 42篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 8篇 |
2022年 | 9篇 |
2021年 | 29篇 |
2020年 | 19篇 |
2019年 | 28篇 |
2018年 | 36篇 |
2017年 | 20篇 |
2016年 | 23篇 |
2015年 | 24篇 |
2014年 | 36篇 |
2013年 | 53篇 |
2012年 | 83篇 |
2011年 | 76篇 |
2010年 | 53篇 |
2009年 | 52篇 |
2008年 | 76篇 |
2007年 | 87篇 |
2006年 | 88篇 |
2005年 | 94篇 |
2004年 | 68篇 |
2003年 | 78篇 |
2002年 | 54篇 |
2001年 | 71篇 |
2000年 | 72篇 |
1999年 | 78篇 |
1998年 | 17篇 |
1997年 | 27篇 |
1996年 | 25篇 |
1995年 | 17篇 |
1994年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 20篇 |
1992年 | 41篇 |
1991年 | 29篇 |
1990年 | 23篇 |
1989年 | 34篇 |
1988年 | 30篇 |
1987年 | 22篇 |
1986年 | 22篇 |
1985年 | 24篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 17篇 |
1982年 | 16篇 |
1981年 | 15篇 |
1980年 | 12篇 |
1979年 | 26篇 |
1978年 | 13篇 |
1977年 | 16篇 |
1976年 | 14篇 |
1974年 | 9篇 |
1972年 | 9篇 |
排序方式: 共有1878条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Food cravings in relation to body mass index, restraint and estradiol levels: a repeated measures study in healthy women. 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:4
The study considered the nature and extent of cravings in 108 healthy women between the ages of 20 and 37 who were tested at four time points over a 2-year period. There was substantial consistency over the four widely separated time points (3 months-1 year) in the types of foods craved, with chocolate and ice cream highest on the list, followed by fatty and spicy foods, and sweets. Women with a higher body mass index reported more consistent cravings for salty foods, especially those with high flavor intensity. There were no significant relationships between dietary restraint and the number, frequency or types of cravings. There were also no strong relationships between estradiol levels and the number, frequency or types of cravings women reported in the whole sample. The data suggest that women have a stable core of foods for which they experience cravings, relatively independent of estradiol levels, BMI or degree of dietary restraint. 相似文献
2.
Recombinant human alpha lymphotoxin (tumor necrosis factor-beta) induces peripheral neutrophilia and lymphopenia in the rat. 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《The American journal of pathology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
T. R. Ulich J. del Castillo M. Keys G. A. Granger 《The American journal of pathology》1987,128(1):5-12
Recombinant human alpha lymphotoxin (rLT) administered intravenously to Lewis rats induces peripheral neutrophilia and lymphopenia in a dose-response dependent fashion. A dose of 30,000 units of rLT induced a neutrophilia (1589 +/- 326 to 5554 +/- 1050 neutrophils/cu mm) and lymphopenia (10,368 +/- 992 to 4636 +/- 878 lymphocytes/cu mm) at 2 hours after injection that was highly significant (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.001, respectively) in comparison with vehicle controls. The kinetics of the neutrophilia that peaked at 2 hours as well as of the lymphopenia were highly reminiscent of the neutrophilia and lymphopenia following intravenous administration of either recombinant human interleukin-1 (IL-1) alpha or beta to rats. The peripheral neutrophilia was accompanied by a significant depletion of bone marrow neutrophils (P less than 0.001), as is also known to occur after administration of IL-1. Systemic blood pressure was not affected by rLT, which suggested that the changes in circulating leukocyte subsets were not attributable to hemodynamic changes nor to the hemodynamic-change-related release of adrenal hormones. Adrenalectomy did not alter the rLT-induced neutrophilia or lymphopenia, which suggested that rLT does not mediate its hematologic effects on peripheral blood leukocytes via the release of adrenal hormones. Pretreatment of rats with dexamethasone, indomethacin, or aspirin also did not alter rLT-induced neutrophilia or lymphopenia, which suggested that rLT-induced hematologic effects were not mediated via arachidonic acid metabolites, in stark contrast to IL-1 induced neutrophilia, which is inhibited by both dexamethasone and indomethacin. 相似文献
3.
The effect of altering intracellular free Ca2+ on juvenile hormone (JH) and acid synthesis by larval and pupally-committed corpora allata (CA) of fifth stadium Manduca sexta was investigated. Larval CA required extracellular Ca2+ greater than or equal to 0.1 mM for maximal JH synthesis, while JH acid synthesis by glands after pupal commitment was independent of extracellular Ca2+. Free Ca2+ in the hemolymph ranged from 1.4 to 2.1 mM during the fifth stadium. Both calcium ionophores and caffeine, which releases Ca2+ from intracellular stores, inhibited JH synthesis by larval CA but stimulated JH acid synthesis by post-commitment CA. These results suggest that intracellular stores may be the principal source of Ca2+ for the biosynthetic activity of the post-commitment gland. Calcium channel blockers (La3+, Cd2+) and antagonists (verapamil, isradipine and nitrendipine) decreased both JH and JH acid synthesis, indicating the existence of Ca2+ channels in the CA cell membrane. Calmodulin (CaM) antagonists inhibited the activity of both larval and post-commitment CA, suggesting an integral relationship of CaM to the effects of Ca2+ on gland activity. One of these effects is the demonstrated requirement of 0.1 mM extracellular Ca2+ for allatostatin inhibition of JH I synthesis by larval CA. 相似文献
4.
The renal action of atrial natriuretic peptide during control of glomerular filtration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Studies were performed in anesthetized dogs (N = 7) to determine the effects of synthetic atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on sodium excretion in the presence and absence of control of glomerular filtration rate produced by suprarenal aortic clamping. Intrarenal infusion of synthetic atrial natriuretic peptide (0.3 micrograms/kg/min) significantly increased glomerular filtration rate from 29.3 +/- 3.0 to 43.2 +/- 4.4 ml/min, urinary sodium excretion from 20.1 +/- 10.3 to 223.3 +/- 52.3 microEq/min, fractional sodium excretion from 0.47 +/- 0.19 to 3.75 +/- 0.59%. In contrast, aortic clamping blocked the increase in glomerular filtration rate in association with an attenuated natriuresis. Urinary sodium excretion increased from 6.3 +/- 2.3 to 68.3 +/- 23.4 microEq/min and fractional sodium excretion increased from 0.15 +/- 0.04 to 0.90 +/- 0.30%. Despite this differential response in glomerular filtration rate and sodium excretion, whole kidney fractional delivery of sodium from the proximal tubule as estimated by the fractional excretion of lithium increased during both unclamped (17.7 +/- 1.8 to 30.4 +/- 0.8%) and clamped (12.9 +/- 2.1 to 23.9 +/- 2.7%) periods. These studies demonstrate that atrial natriuretic peptide-induced natriuresis is importantly mediated by an increase in glomerular filtration rate and decrease in tubular reabsorption. 相似文献
5.
Classical and anaplastic seminoma: difference in survival 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Classical and anaplastic seminoma are traditionally treated with radiation therapy and are said to have the same prognosis. A retrospective study was undertaken of 90 seminoma patients treated with radiation therapy between 1961 and 1985. The classical group consisted of 71 patients of whom 50 had stage I and 21 had stage II disease. The anaplastic group consisted of 19 patients of whom ten had stage I and nine had stage II disease. The median follow-up time was 64 months for the entire group. The 10-year relapse-free survival rate for the classical group was 94% and for the anaplastic group was 70% (P less than .05). For patients with classical stage I disease, the relapse-free actuarial survival rate was 98%; for patients with anaplastic stage I disease, it was 64% (P less than .02). For the classical stage II disease group, the relapse-free actuarial survival rate was 84% and for the anaplastic stage II disease group, 75% (P less than .70). Four patients in the classical group (6%) had relapses; of these, one patient had local recurrence of tumor, and three had distant metastases. In the anaplastic group, four patients (21%) had relapses; two patients had local recurrence of tumor, and two had distant metastases. Therefore the data suggest a difference in survival and relapse rates between classical and anaplastic seminoma. 相似文献
6.
Hemorrhagic shock-induced bacterial translocation is reduced by xanthine oxidase inhibition or inactivation 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
E A Deitch W Bridges J Baker J W Ma L Ma M B Grisham D N Granger R D Specian R Berg 《Surgery》1988,104(2):191-198
Experiments were performed to determine whether bacterial translocation (BT) after hemorrhagic shock is due to a reperfusion injury mediated by xanthine oxidase-derived oxidants. Rats were subjected to 30 minutes of shock (30 mm Hg) followed by reinfusion of shed blood. Twenty-four hours after hemorrhage and reinfusion, the mesenteric lymph node, liver, and spleen were harvested from each animal for bacterial culture, and the ileum and cecum were examined histologically. Sham-shocked (control) rats were instrumented, but blood was not withdrawn. The incidence of BT was higher in the shocked rats (61%) than in the sham-shocked animals (7%) (p less than 0.01). Allopurinol (50 mg/kg, administered orally), a competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, reduced the incidence of shock-induced BT to 14% (p = 0.02). Similarly, rats fed a tungsten-supplemented molybdenum-free diet, which inactivates xanthine oxidase, reduced shock-induced BT to 10% (p = 0.02). The histologic damage cause by hemorrhagic shock was prevented by blocking xanthine oxidase activity. Thus hemorrhagic shock-induced bacterial translocation from the gut appears to be mediated by oxidants generated by activation of the xanthine oxidase system. 相似文献
7.
8.
Expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) in acute and chronic inflammation 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Connor EM Eppihimer MJ Morise Z Granger DN Grisham MB 《Journal of leukocyte biology》1999,65(3):349-355
The objective of this study was to quantify, in vivo, constitutive and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-enhanced expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) in different tissues from healthy wild-type mice (C57BL/6) as well as interleukin-10 (IL-10)-deficient mice with and without active colitis. Using the dual radiolabel monoclonal antibody technique, we found substantial constitutive expression of MAdCAM-1 in the intestine, colon, and mesenteric lymph nodes. MAdCAM-1 expression in these tissues was significantly enhanced, in a time-dependent manner, by systemic administration of TNF-alpha. Maximum surface expression was observed at 18 h after TNF-alpha administration and remained significantly elevated at 48 h post-TNF-alpha injection. No significant constitutive nor TNF-alpha-induced expression of MAdCAM-1 was detected in skeletal muscle, brain, or heart. In IL-10-deficient (IL-10 k/o) mice with no clinical or histological evidence of colitis, constitutive and TNF-alpha-induced expression of MAdCAM-1 in the intestine, cecum, and colon was not different from those values obtained with healthy wild-type controls. IL-10-deficient mice with active colitis exhibited a four- to fivefold greater expression of MAdCAM-1 in the cecum and colon compared with their healthy controls or to IL-10 k/o mice with no evidence of colitis. Taken together, these data demonstrate that TNF-alpha enhances surface expression of MAdCAM-1 in intestinal and colonic tissues to the same extent in both wild-type and IL-10 k/o mice with no colonic inflammation, whereas IL-10 k/o mice with active colitis exhibited a profound up-regulation of MAdCAM-1 in the colon. 相似文献
9.
Holger Arndt Paul Kubes Matthew B. Grisham Enrique Gonzalez D. Neil Granger 《Inflammation》1992,16(5):549-559
The objective of this study was to determine the turnover rate of the extravascular pool of granulocytes in different regions of the feline gastrointestinal tract. Leukocyte emigration from the vasculature was prevented over a 48-h period by repeated intravenous injections of a monoclonal antibody (MAb IB4) directed against the leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein complex CD11/CD18. Tissue-associated myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was used to monitor the total tissue granulocyte pool at 0.5, 12, 24, and 48 h after MAb IB4 administration. The mucosal layer of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon exhibited different kinetics of granulocyte clearance, with average life-spans (t1/2) ranging between 6.9 (colon) and 10.4 h (duodenum). Granulocyte clearance rates of 0.5 × 106 and 2.4 x 106 cells/h/g tissue were estimated (from measured values oft1/2 and tissue granulocyte pool) for the small bowel and colonie mucosae, respectively. The submucosal layer of the intestine exhibited a biphasic reduction in tissue MPO activity following immunoneutralization of CD11/CD18, with an initialt1/2 0.5 h followed by at1/2 of 36–60 h. The initial rapid decline in tissue MPO suggests that a significant fraction of granulocytes in the submucosa is localized in a readily exchangeable pool (e.g., marginated cells within the vasculature). The results of this study indicate that the average life-span of resident granulocytes varies significantly between different regions of the gastrointestinal tract, with the intestinal mucosa exhibiting at1/2 comparable to that previously reported for circulating feline neutrophils (R 8 h). 相似文献
10.
Characterization of a Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein. 总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Infection and immunity》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
D J Evans Jr D G Evans T Takemura H Nakano H C Lampert D Y Graham D N Granger P R Kvietys 《Infection and immunity》1995,63(6):2213-2220
Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis is mainly an inflammatory cell response. In earlier work we showed that activation of human neutrophils by a cell-free water extract of H. pylori is characterized by increased expression of neutrophil CD11b/CD18 and increased adhesiveness to endothelial cells. The work reported here indicates that the neutrophil-activating factor is a 150,000-molecular-weight protein (150K protein). Neutrophil proadhesive activity copurified with this protein, which is a polymer of identical 15K subunits. Specific antibody, prepared against the purified 15K subunit, neutralized the proadhesive activity of the pure protein and of water extracts obtained from different strains of H. pylori. The gene (napA) for this protein (termed HP-NAP, for H. pylori neutrophil-activating protein) was detected, by PCR amplification, in all of the H. pylori isolates tested; however, there was considerable strain variation in the level of expression of HP-NAP activity in vitro. HP-NAP could play an important role in the gastric inflammatory response to H. pylori infection. 相似文献