Effect of maternal and infant covariates on sibship correlation in birth weight

Birth weight on 12,644 singleton infants from 6,196 sibships born in Maryland between 1980 and 1984 were used to estimate the effects of nine maternal and infant covariates on the sibship correlation in birth weight. Assuming a homogeneous correlation across all families, the estimated intraclass correlation was 0.4664 (+/- 0.0099). This high sibship correlation makes it possible to predict, with reasonable accuracy, the birth weight of a child given information on previous sibs, as well as covariates on the mother and/or infant pertinent to a given pregnancy. The reduction in variance associated with incorporating information on the nine covariates used here was approximately equal to that obtained by conditioning on a single previous sib. Testing for heterogeneity in correlation among different groups of families showed that a crude measure of parity (first live birth vs. other), time between births, mother's marital status, and maternal age at the birth of the last child significantly influenced the sibship correlation in birth weight.     

Community mental health centers and insurance reimbursements

This study represents the first of a two-stage project. The first phase of the study examined the funding sources for the 40 Community Services Boards in Virginia. Data provided from the Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation in Virginia examined fee collections which are comprised of direct client, commercial insurance, Medicaid and Medicare. An analysis of quarterly reports from 1982 to 1984 revealed that Medicaid collections have decreased significantly, while commercial insurance reimbursements have increased significantly. These results, although limited to data from Virginia, point to the need to examine if these shifts are occurring nation-wide, and to determine if the shift toward commercial insurance is impacting upon the delivery of services in Community Mental Health Centers.     

FEASIBILITY OF CONDUCTING CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME RESEARCH IN AUSTRALIAN GENERAL PRACTICE: RESULTS FROM THE ANBP2 PILOT STUDY

1. The present study aimed to determine the feasibility of conducting a 5 year cardiovascular outcome trial of the treatment of 6000 elderly hypertensive patients in Australian general practices. 2. General practitioners (GPs) were invited to participate by mail and personal follow-up. Patient records were reviewed to identify subjects for a blood pressure (BP) screening programme. Blood pressure was measured on three occasions and eligible subjects were included if the average BP was 160 mmHg systolic or 90 mmHg diastolic if systolic BP was 140 mmHg. 3. Seven hundred and forty-one GPs were approached and 89 were enrolled in the study (12% of mail invites and 75% of those receiving a personal contact). In 16 practices where screening was completed, 82 000 records were reviewed to identify 4% patients eligible for screening. Twenty-two per cent of eligible subjects attended screening. Of 1938 subjects screened, 180 (9%) had BP 5=160/90 mmHg. Forty-seven percent of subjects (n = 916) were receiving antihypertensive therapy and 184 (20%) were withdrawn from therapy. One hundred and sixteen (63%) of these subjects had BP return to study entry levels within 6 weeks. Fifty-seven newly diagnosed and 81 previously treated subjects were randomized (7% of the screened population). 4. Based on the high participation rate of GPs, the response rate of patients to attend a BP screening programme and the 7% randomization to screening ratio for entry into the study, the ANBP2 pilot study has demonstrated that it is feasible to recruit subjects from Australian general practices to a cardiovascular outcome trial.     

Contraceptive efficacy of the Copper T380A and the Multiload Cu250 IUD in three developing countries

The clinical performance of the Copper T380A (TCu380A) and the Multiload 250 (MLCu250) intrauterine devices (IUDs) were evaluated for 12 months in a group of women who had one of the two IUDs inserted. Results are from a randomized clinical trial conducted at four collaborating research sites located in three developing countries.The gross cumulative life-table pregnancy rate of the TCu380A IUD was significantly lower than the rate with the MLCu250 IUD at 12 months (0.5 and 1.2, respectively,p<0.01). No statistically significant differences between the two study IUDs were found with regard to IUD expulsion or IUD removal due to bleeding/pain, personal reasons, medical reasons, or planned pregnancy. TCu380A IUD users were more likely to report experiencing increased dysmenorrhea (p<0.01) or intermenstrual pelvic pain (p<0.01) than were MLCu250 IUD users. However, few of these users discontinued use of their assigned IUD because of having experienced menstrual bleeding disturbances or intermenstrual pelvic pain.These data indicate that the TCu380A IUD may be a better option than the MLCu250 IUD for women wishing to practice highly effective long-term birth control without having to resort to hormonal methods.

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Resumen El resultado clínico de los dispositivos intrauterinos (DIU) Copper T380A y Multiload 250 (MLCu250) se evaluó durante 12 meses en un grupo de mujeres a quienes se había colocado uno de los dos DIU. Los resultados corresponden a un ensayo clínico aleatorizado efectuado en cuatro emplazamientos de investigaciones en colaboración situados en tres países en desarrollo.La tasa bruta acumulativa de embarazo de las tablas de vida del DIU TCu380A fue significativamente inferior a la tasa correspondiente al DIU MLCu250 a los 12 meses (0,5 y 1,2, respectivamente,p<0,01)). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos DIU del estudio con respecto a su expulsión o retiro debido a microrragia/dolor, razones personales, razones médicas o embarazo planificado. Era más probable que las usuarias del DIU TCu380A notificaran mayor dismenorrea (p<0,01) o dolor pélvico intermenstrual (p<0,01) que las usuarias del DIU MLCu250. Sin embargo, un número menor de este grupo de usuarias dejó de utilizar el DIU que le había sido asignado por haber experimentado trastornos menstruales de microrragia o dolor pélvico intermenstrual.Estos datos indican que el DIU TCu380A podría ser una mejor opción que el DIU MLCu250 para las mujeres que desean praticar un control de la natalidad a largo plaza altamente eficaz sin tener que recurrir a métodos hormonales.

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Resumé Les résultats cliniques des dispositifs intra-utériens (DIU) Copper T38OA (TCu380A) et Multiload 250 (MLCu250) ont été évalués pendant 12 mois chez un groupe de femmes qui portaient l'un ou l'autre de ces dispositifs. Les résultats proviennent d'un essai clinique randomisé, effectué en collaboration par quatre établissements de recherche dans trois pays en développement.Au terme de 12 mois, le taux brut cumulé de grossesses des tables de survie pour le dispositif TCu380A était significativement inférieur au taux correspondant pour le dispositif MLCu250 (0,5 et 1,2 respectivement,p<0,01). Aucune différence statistiquement significative entre les deux dispositifs étudiés n'a été constatée du point de vue de l'expulsion du DIU ou de son retrait pour cause de microrragie/douleurs, pour des raisons personnelles ou médicales ou pour une grossesse planifiée. Les utilisatrices du TCu380A ont plus fréquemment signalé une dysménorrhée (p<0,01) ou des douleurs pelviennes intermenstruelles (p<0,01) que les utilisatrices du MLCu250. Peu nombreuses était cependant cells qui avaient, en raison de perturbations du flux menstruel ou de douleurs pelviennes intermenstruelles, abandonné l'usage du dispositif qui leur avait été assigné.Ces résultats indiquent que le dispositif TCu380A représente peut-être une meilleure solution que le dispositif MLCu250 pour les femmes recherchant à long terme une méthode hautement efficace de régulation des naissances, sans avoir recours aux méthodes hormonales.

     

Alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes in rat development. Effect of maternal ethanol consumption.

The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isoenzymes (alcohol:NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) of classes I, III and IV were investigated by activity and starch gel electrophoresis analyses during rat ontogeny. Class I was studied in the liver, class III in the brain and class IV in the stomach and eyes. Classes I and IV exhibited very low activity during the fetal period, reaching 12% and 3%, respectively, of the adult value at birth. Class III was relatively more active in the fetus, with 38% of the adult activity at birth. In the three cases, activity increased after birth and adult values were found around day 20 (classes I and III), day 39 (stomach class IV) and after day 91 (eye class IV). The very low activity of the isoenzymes responsible for ethanol oxidation, i.e. liver class I and stomach class IV, in the fetus demonstrates that metabolism of ethanol during gestation is essentially performed by the maternal tissues. Development of ADH isoenzymes were also studied in the offspring of rats exposed to an alcoholic liquid diet. Activities of liver class I and stomach class IV were severely reduced: they were only 30% and 50%, respectively, of the control values. In contrast, eye class IV activity did not change and brain class III showed a 30% increase. Moreover, the concentration of liver soluble protein exhibited a 1.3-1.5-fold increase with respect to control animals. The effects on activities and liver protein were more pronounced in the adult than in the perinatal period, and they seem irreversible since normal values were not recovered after 6 weeks of feeding with a non-alcoholic diet. The low activities of the alcohol-oxidizing isoenzymes indicate tht maternal ethanol consumption results in an impaired ethanol metabolism of the offspring.     

A diagnostic algorithm for male genital oedema

Male genital oedema can be defined as swelling or the appearance of swelling of the scrotum and/or the penile shaft and prepuce. Despite the various causes of genital oedema reported in the published work, a concise approach to the evaluation and management has not been sufficiently addressed.     

Picotamide inhibition of excess in vitro thromboxane B2 release by colorectal mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with increased mucosal release of eicosanoids. Among these, thromboxane A2 has been proposed as a possible inflammatory mediator; its suppression may be a useful therapeutic option. METHODS: Using a tissue incubation technique, we compared release of immunoreactive thromboxane B2 by colonic biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and controls, and assessed the inhibitory effect of picotamide, a thromboxane synthesis inhibitor-receptor antagonist, which has been widely used in Italy for management of ischaemic heart and cerebrovascular disease. RESULTS: Increased amounts of thromboxane B2 were released from biopsies from patients with active ulcerative colitis (median 238 pg/20 min/mg wet weight (interquartile range 147- 325), n = 12) and active Crohn's disease (252 (174-450), 6) compared with those from patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis (95 (61- 140), 12) or Crohn's disease (105 (57-201), 13), or controls (136 (64- 206), 8). Incubation with picotamide at concentrations between 100 microM and 1 mM reduced thromboxane B2 release (IC50 890 microM). CONCLUSION: Since increased thromboxane A2 production may have pathogenetic importance, thromboxane synthesis inhibitor-receptor antagonists such as picotamide merit therapeutic trial in the management of inflammatory bowel disease.