Bilateral Implantation of Centromedian‐Parafascicularis Complex and GPi: A New Combination of Unconventional Targets for Deep Brain Stimulation in Severe Parkinson Disease

Objectives. Traditional deep brain stimulation (DBS) at the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has proved to be efficacious on core Parkinsonian symptoms. However, very disabling l ‐dopa–induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) and axial signs are slightly affected, suggesting that we target less conventional targets. Our candidates for DBS were the globus pallidus internus (GPi) plus the intralaminar thalamic complex (Pf or CM), given its extensive functional links with basal ganglia nuclei. Materials and Methods. The routine utilization of our innovative stereotactic apparatus allows us to implant, at the same time, both the CM‐Pf complex together with the GPi in six Parkinson disease patients. Both intraoperative and postoperative neurophysiologic assessments helped us recognize functional subregions while optimizing implantation of electrodes. Unified Parkinson disease rating scale (UPDRS) motor scores, AIMs, and freezing were carefully blindly evaluated for each condition. Results. A significant amelioration of UPDRS scores was achieved by simultaneous activation of both targets. CM‐Pf activation was only slightly effective in reducing rigidity and akinesia, but more efficacious on freezing. Not surprisingly, AIMs were peculiarly decreased by the activation of the permanent electro‐catheter in the posteroventral GPi. Conclusions. These findings confirm that, in selected patients, it is conceivable to target structures other than the conventional STN in order to maximize clinical benefit.     

A case of unilateral opercular syndrome associated with a subcortical lesion

Summary A patient who developed a unilateral opercular syndrome following a cerebrovascular accident is described. Computed tomography showed that the lesion did not affect the opercular cortex, but involved deep white matter and the head of the caudate nucleus of the left hemisphere. Persistent hypophonia and transient aphasia were associated. Comparison with previous cases is discussed.     

Empty Sella and Headache

SYNOPSIS
Empty sella is an anatomical condition caused by herniation of the subarachnoid space into the pituitary fossa through an incompetent seller diaphragm. Headache seems to be one of the most frequently reported symptoms. We studied 13 headache patients (12 females, 1 male) presenting with primary empty sella (PES) on CT scan. The characteristics of the headache were analyzed and plasma levels of pituitary hormones or cortisol assessed. We confirmed the nonspecific nature of the headache in PES even though the majority of our patients complained of daily headache, mostly localized anteriorly. Hormone plasma levels were within normal range in all the patients assessed. However, four patients reported earlier endocrine disorders and more than half of the patients presented with obesity.
In our opinion, PES should be suspected in middle-aged overweight women with daily headache even in the absence of endocrine symptomatology.     

Participation of lipid peroxidation in the loss of hepatic drug-metabolizing activities in experimental fascioliasis in the rat

Fascioliasis causes a dramatic decrease in drug-metabolizing ability of the hepatic monooxygenase (MFO) and glucuronosyltransferase (GT) enzyme systems in the rat. The present study was undertaken to determine whether lipid peroxidation is involved in the enzymatic loss. Peroxidative damage of membrane lipids (as assessed by the tissue content of malonic dialdehyde, MDA, and the diene conjugation absorption in microsomal membranes) was found to occur over the entire course of the liver infection (concomitant to a decrease in glutathione levels), and to different degrees in relation to the various steps of the parasite cycle. The onset (MDA six times the controls; delta E 1% = 1.55 at the 20th day) coincides with the beginning of the loss of MFO (-30%) and GT (-20% at the 20th day), and peaks between the 30th and 40th day (MDA eight times the controls; delta E 1% = 1.96), when the loss in the enzyme activities is maximal (MFO - 60/70%; GT - 65/95%). There was a strict correlation at all the observation times between the extent of lipid peroxidation and the decrease in drug metabolizing ability: this supports the view that lipid peroxidation is the major agent in the impairment of MFO and GT enzyme activities, and very likely in the initiation of the pathological degeneration of the liver tissue. As evidenced by histological examination, the phagocytic response of the liver tissue to the parasite invasion and growth leads to oxidative stress, which is the causative agent in the initiation and development of lipid peroxidation.     

Prevalence of anti-HCV in institutionalised mentally handicapped subjects

Data on the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus among 278 subjects in an institution for the mentally handicapped were analysed by risk factors. A prevalence of 4% was found, higher than blood donors belonging to the same area (1.4%). No differences in prevalence with regard the length of residence, age, sex, degree of retardation or for presence of HBV markers were observed.     

The afferent innervation of the thymus gland in the rat

The afferent nervous supply to the thymus gland has been investigated by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. It has been shown that the thymus receives an afferent supply from the nodose ganglia of the vagus and from the dorsal root ganglia C₁–C₇. The afferent innervation of the right and left thymic lobes is bilaterally organized; the fibers of a small celled population of nodose ganglion neurons cross outside the thymus and those of a larger celled population cross within the thymus gland. The functional implications of these findings are discussed in the context of central nervous system-immune system interactions.     

LEMMA: A Language for Easy Medical Models Analysis

The quality of health care systems and processes is becoming a prominent problem and more and more efforts are devoted to define methodologies and tools to measure and assure quality of care. New methods are required to optimize health care processes to guarantee high quality standards within (limited) available resources. Resource optimizations able to preserve the quality of treatments require good models of medical processes. This paper presents LEMMA, a new notation to model medical processes. LEMMA provides physicians with intuitive graphical elements to design their models. At the same time a high level timed Petri net corresponding to the designed model is built automatically. In this way, LEMMA models are ascribed formal semantics and can be executed and analyzed automatically. The dual language approach followed in this paper allows physicians to gain all the benefits of formal methods without being proficient in them. Medical users manage simple graphical elements, while Petri nets ensure formality and validation capabilities. In this way LEMMA mixes formal and informal notations, overcoming the problems of both the approaches. The definition of the notation has been supported by the development of an environment to design LEMMA models. The environment, besides letting us experiment with the notation, has been employed to define and analyze real case studies.     

International multicenter pilot study of the first comprehensive self-completed nonmotor symptoms questionnaire for Parkinson's disease: the NMSQuest study.

Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD) are not well recognized in clinical practice, either in primary or in secondary care, and are frequently missed during routine consultations. There is no single instrument (questionnaire or scale) that enables a comprehensive assessment of the range of NMS in PD both for the identification of problems and for the measurement of outcome. Against this background, a multidisciplinary group of experts, including patient group representatives, has developed an NMS screening questionnaire comprising 30 items. This instrument does not provide an overall score of disability and is not a graded or rating instrument. Instead, it is a screening tool designed to draw attention to the presence of NMS and initiate further investigation. In this article, we present the results from an international pilot study assessing feasibility, validity, and acceptability of a nonmotor questionnaire (NMSQuest). Data from 123 PD patients and 96 controls were analyzed. NMS were highly significantly more prevalent in PD compared to controls (PD NMS, median = 9.0, mean = 9.5 vs. control NMS, median = 5.5, mean = 4.0; Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and t test, P < 0.0001), with PD patients reporting at least 10 different NMS on average per patient. In PD, NMS were highly significantly more prevalent across all disease stages and the number of symptoms correlated significantly with advancing disease and duration of disease. Furthermore, frequently, problems such as diplopia, dribbling, apathy, blues, taste and smell problems were never previously disclosed to the health professionals.