Orofacial manifestations of SAPHO syndrome: a systematic review of case reports

Clinical Rheumatology - SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis) syndrome is a poorly known disease with cutaneous and osteo-articular manifestations requiring a...     

Optimal duration of ultra low frequency-transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (ULF-TENS) therapy for muscular relaxation in neuromuscular occlusion: A preliminary clinical study

Objectives: The primary aim of this work was to determine the duration of ultra-low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (ULF-TENS) application necessary to achieve sufficient relaxation of the masticatory muscles. A secondary aim was to analyze the influence of stimulation on muscle relaxation in pathological subjects and determine whether ULF-TENS has a noteworthy impact on muscle relaxation.

Methods: Sixteen adult subjects with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and muscle pain and a group of four control subjects were included in this study. ULF-TENS was applied, and muscular activities of the masseter, temporal, and sternocleidomastoid muscles (SCM) were recorded for 60 min.

Results: Significant relaxation was achieved in the TMD group from 20, 40, and 60 min for the temporal, masseter, and SCM muscles (p < 0.05), respectively. Maximum relaxation was achieved in 12.5% of the subjects after 20 min, in a further 12.5% after 40 min, and in the remaining 75% after 60 min. Significant relaxation was achieved in the control group from 20 to 40 min for the masseter and temporal muscles, respectively (p < 0.05).

Discussion: Taken together, the results suggest that an ideal ULF-TENS application would last 40 min to obtain sufficient muscle relaxation both in patients with masticatory system disorders and healthy subjects, a time constraint that is consistent with everyday clinical practice.     

Morphological study of fiber-reinforced post-bonding system-root dentin interface by evaluation of two bonding systems

Morphological study of fiber post/bonding system/root dentin interface by evaluation of two bonding systems. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyze the interfaces, and thus the seal, between root dentin and bonded fiber-reinforced posts. The interfaces were obtained by applying two enamel-dentin adhesive systems, a one-bottle system used after application of phosphoric acid and a self-etch system, both used with an adhesive cement. The interface was evaluated by SEM observation of the continuity of the hybrid layer and the morphology of the resin tags, in terms of length, density and presence of side branches, at the interface between the fiber-reinforced post, the bonding system and the root dentin. METHODS: Twenty-six anterior single-rooted teeth extracted for periodontal reasons were treated endodontically and then randomly separated into two groups of 13 teeth each: group 1: Excite DSC (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein); group 2: AdheSE DC (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). After preparation of the root canal and application of the adhesive, each specimen received a Postec translucent FRC post (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) that was cemented in with Variolink II dual-curing luting composite (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). The specimens were then prepared for SEM observation of the continuity of the hybrid layer and scoring of the morphology of the resin tags in each third of the root (at 1, 4.5 and 8mm from the coronal surface). RESULTS: There was no significant difference (at p<0.05) between the two groups in terms of continuity of the hybrid layer or morphology of the resin tags. The hybrid layer was present, unbroken and uniform in both the group where adhesive was used with a phosphoric acid total etch and the self-etch system group. Whatever the bonding system, the resin tags had side branches, and greater length and density in the cervical third than in the middle or apical thirds. Bubbles were found in the cement layer in most of the specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The one-bottle and self-etch bonding systems gave similar results in terms of interface morphology when a translucent fiber-reinforced post was cemented into the endodontically prepared roots.     

Oral complications and dental care in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Acute leukaemia is the most common type of childhood cancer, the acute lymphoblastic type accounting for the majority of cases. Children affected by leukaemia receive various forms of treatments including chemotherapeutic agents and stem cell transplants. Leukaemia and its treatment can directly or indirectly affect oral health and further dental treatments. The oral complications include mucositis, opportunistic infections, gingival inflammation and bleeding, xerostomia and carious lesions. An additional consideration in children is the impact of the treatments on the developing dentition and on orofacial growth. The aim of this review is to describe the oral complications in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and the methods of prevention and management before, during and after the cancer treatment.     

Comparative study between medieval (12th -14th c.) and modern skulls samples of five cranio-facial measures

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare cephalometric norms of complete medieval skulls (n=35) with contemporary skulls (n=41), all from the same region, taking five craniofacial measures. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The medieval skulls were from different sites and tombs from southwestern France and contemporary skulls were those of students from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, Toulouse. A lateral cephalometric radiograph of each skull was obtained. All the skulls had to contain teeth and all anatomical reference points required for inclusion in the study. Cephalometric points were selected by inspection. The angles were chosen to evaluate the sagittal maxillo-mandibular relation, the cranial base flexion and the vertical dimension. RESULTS: Results showed that the ANB angle was wider in the medieval skulls (4.11 degrees vs 2.41 degrees ) but no significant difference for the cranial base flexion and the vertical dimension could be found between the two populations. DISCUSSION: We suggest there is no significant change in cephalometric norms over a period of approximately 800 years. Changes in lifestyle, diet, environment and populations intermixing do not appear to significantly affect cephalometric norms, although such factors are thought to affect dental occlusion.     

Assessing behavioural and cognitive domains of autism spectrum disorders in rodents: current status and future perspectives

The establishment of robust and replicable behavioural testing paradigms with translational value for psychiatric diseases is a major step forward in developing and testing etiology-directed treatment for these complex disorders. Based on the existing literature, we have generated an inventory of applied rodent behavioural testing paradigms relevant to autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This inventory focused on previously used paradigms that assess behavioural domains that are affected in ASD, such as social interaction, social communication, repetitive behaviours and behavioural inflexibility, cognition as well as anxiety behaviour. A wide range of behavioural testing paradigms for rodents were identified. However, the level of face and construct validity is highly variable. The predictive validity of these paradigms is unknown, as etiology-directed treatments for ASD are currently not on the market. To optimise these studies, future efforts should address aspects of reproducibility and take into account data about the neurodevelopmental underpinnings and trajectory of ASD. In addition, with the increasing knowledge of processes underlying ASD, such as sensory information processes and synaptic plasticity, phenotyping efforts should include multi-level automated analysis of, for example, representative task-related behavioural and electrophysiological read-outs.     

Enhanced membrane phospholipid metabolism in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines detected by low-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The low-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of human pancreatic adenocarcinomas maintained in nude mice and in culture exhibit characteristic features. First, the high values of longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation times were attributed to disturbances in the exchange of ions and water molecules in cancerous cells. Second, a new peak situated at about 1.8 +/- 0.2 ppm from the peak of tissular water was observed. It was higher in spectra recorded from the proliferative peripheral zone of the tumor than from the central necrotic zone and was not observed in healthy control pancreatic tissue. Histological examination of the xenografts by transmission electron microscopy indicated intense phospholipid metabolism with marked development of the plasma membrane and the presence of numerous secretory granules, lysosomes, and multivesicular bodies in the cytoplasm. The new 1H NMR low-resolution peak was thought to reflect an increase in membrane viscosity stemming from alterations in the structure and metabolism of membrane phospholipids. Whatever its origin, the 1.8-ppm peak is a particular feature of cancerous pancreatic cells, which should be readily detectable by NMR in vivo.     

Demonstration of a new resonance peak by proton NMR in rat pancreas stimulated with caerulein

Low-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) analysis of the pancreas of rats stimulated with caerulein, a cholecystokinin analog, was found to differ from that of control rats either fed ad libitum or fasted for two days. The hormonal stimulation induced (a) an increase in the longitudinal relaxation time T1; (b) a 1H NMR peak situated at 1.8 +/- 0.2 ppm from the resonance peak of tissular water. This resonance peak was not observed in the pancreas of fasted rats, although it could just be detected in the pancreas of rats fed ad libitum. These features were not observed after injection of lorglumide, an antagonist of cholecystokinin, followed by caerulein stimulation. On the other hand, stimulation with secretin induced a slight increase in T1 but did not lead to the appearance of the 1.8 +/- 0.2 ppm peak. The 1.8 +/- 0.2 ppm resonance peak thus appears to be related to the hormone-stimulated state of the exocrine pancreas and might be a useful indicator of the physiological state of exocrine pancreatic tissue. From ultrastructural examination of pancreatic cells and 1H NMR studies of solutions of the major membrane phospholipids in rat plasma, we concluded that the 1.8 +/- 0.2 ppm resonance peak stemmed from an alteration in the metabolism of membrane phospholipids and/or an increase in membrane fluidity after stimulation of acinar cells by caerulein.     

Creatine phosphate as energy source in the cerulein-stimulated rat pancreas study by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance.

Stimulation of the rat exocrine pancreas by cerulein induces a variety of cellular processes, some of which require the expenditure of energy. In this study, changes in the amounts of various energy metabolites, including creatine phosphate (PCr), ATP, and ADP were determined by high-resolution 31P NMR spectroscopy. The spectrum of a perchloric acid extract of pancreas from the 48 h fasted rat was taken as a reference for comparison of 31P NMR spectra recorded after stimulation by cerulein. The NMR results obtained from rat pancreas stimulated in vivo by cerulein (3, 5, 10, 20, 40 min) were compared to those determined by HPLC. We show that during hormonal stimulation, the relative concentrations of PCr in the pancreas of the fasted rat rise significantly (p less than 0.02), reach a maximum at 10 min, fall between the 10th and 20th min, and then return to the relatively low levels observed in controls. On the other hand, the relative concentrations of ATP fall during the first 10 min after stimulation by cerulein, then rise significantly between the 10th and 20th min, whereas the levels of ADP rise during the first 10 min and fall between the 10th and 20th min. The energy required for exocytosis was assumed to be supplied by ATP synthesized in acinar cells. The 31P NMR results indicated that this ATP was derived from phosphorylation of ADP by PCr, and that large amounts of PCr are synthesized during the first minutes after cerulein stimulation. In addition, a significant rise in glycerophosphocholine was observed after cerulein stimulation, which was attributed to an enhanced catabolism of membranes and an increase in phospholipid turnover. Injection of cerulein antagonists, such as asperlicin or lorglumide, inhibited the effects of cerulein stimulation on energy metabolites. Furthermore, no changes were observed after injection of secretin, a hormone that stimulates secretion of bicarbonate. However, the analog of cerulein, pentagastrin, produced the same effects as cerulein, although to a lesser extent.     

Creatine phosphate as energy source in the cerulein-stimulated rat pancreas study by31P nuclear magnetic resonance

Stimulation of the rat exocrine pancreas by cerulein induces a variety of cellular processes, some of which require the expenditure of energy. In this study, changes in the amounts of various energy metabolites, including creatine phosphate (PCr), ATP, and ADP were determined by high-resolution³¹P NMR spectroscopy. The spectrum of a perchloric acid extract of pancreas from the 48 h fasted rat was taken as a reference for comparison of³¹P NMR spectra recorded after stimulation by cerulein. The NMR results obtained from rat pancreas stimulated in vivo by cerulein (3,5, 10, 20, 40 min) were compared to those determined by HPLC. We show that during hormonal stimulation, the relative concentrations of PCr in the pancreas of the fasted rat rise significantly (p< 0.02), reach a maximum at 10 min, fall between the 10th and 20th min, and then return to the relatively low levels observed in controls. On the other hand, the relative concentrations of ATP fall during the first 10 min after stimulation by cerulein, then rise significantly between the 10th and 20th min, whereas the levels of ADP rise during the first 10 min and fall between the 10th and 20th min. The energy required for exocytosis was assumed to be supplied by ATP synthesized in acinar cells. The³¹P NMR results indicated that this ATP was derived from phosphorylation of ADP by PCr, and that large amounts of PCr are synthesized during the first minutes after cerulein stimulation. In addition, a significant rise in glycerophosphocholine was observed after cerulein stimulation, which was attributed to an enhanced catabolism of membranes and an increase in phospholipid turnover. Injection of cerulein antagonists, such as asperlicin or lorglumide, inhibited the effects of cerulein stimulation on energy metabolites. Furthermore, no changes were observed after injection of secretin, a hormone that stimulates secretion of bicarbonate. However, the analog of cerulein, pentagastrin, produced the same effects as cerulein, although to a lesser extent.