Cochlear ablation in deafness mutant mice: 2-deoxyglucose analysis suggests no spontaneous activity of cochlear origin

Deafness mutant mice show no stimulus-related cochlear potentials as well as abnormal electrically-evoked responses recorded from the inferior colliculus. Abnormal spontaneous activity in the auditory periphery could result in abnormal development and/or maintenance of the central auditory pathways. We therefore assessed spontaneous activity of cochlear origin in the central nuclei of the mutants by ablating one cochlea and subsequently using the 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) technique to study metabolic activity. Any asymmetries in labeling in a given nucleus should be due to spontaneous activity in the cochlear nerve on the unoperated side. In control animals (+/dn mice undergoing unilateral cochlea ablation), statistically significant decreased 2DG labeling was observed in the ipsilateral PVCN and AVCN, and contralateral MNTB and IC; all receive primary excitatory input from the ablated ear. No significant differences in labeling between right and left sides were observed in any of the nuclei studied in the mutant animals. These findings suggest that there is no spontaneous activity of cochlear origin in these mutants, even though many cochlear nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells survive.     

Upper and midureteral calculi: percutaneous extraction with an occlusion balloon catheter

In 44 patients with one or more calculi in the upper two-thirds of the ureter, single-stage percutaneous nephrolithotomy was performed through a middle or upper calyceal nephrostomy after cystoscopic placement of an occlusion balloon catheter distal to the calculus; in 42, the procedure was successful. The occlusion balloon catheter permitted retrograde opacification of all systems for enhanced renal puncture. In the last 30 patients an attempt was made either to push the calculus upward mechanically or to flush it upward into the renal pelvis with carbon dioxide or dilute contrast material. This was successful in 24 of these patients. Prior overnight occlusion of the ureter by means of ureteral dilatation further facilitates dislodgment of the calculus, which was successful in 12 of 13 patients.     

Computed tomography as a screening exam in patients with suspected blunt aortic injury.

BACKGROUND: Chest computed tomography (CT) screening of patients with blunt trauma for thoracic aortic injury is controversial. This study was undertaken to determine whether CT could exclude aortic injury and be used to select patients for aortography. METHODS: Computed tomography and aortography were used to evaluate 155 patients with blunt trauma. Computed tomography scans were reviewed separately by four attending radiologists who were unaware of the patients' clinical course and angiographic findings. RESULTS: Eight of 155 patients had aortic injuries requiring operation. Computed tomography scans in five patients were read as positive by all reviewers. One scan was read as positive by three reviewers and as negative by one. Two scans were read as positive by two radiologists and as negative by two. After poor scans were excluded, the combined sensitivity of CT for detecting aortic injury was 88%, specificity was 54%, positive predictive value was 9%, and negative predictive value 99%. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of CT scan for indicating the need for aortography is observer dependent. As CT manifestations of aortic injury are often subtle, CT does not reliably exclude aortic injury.     

Lobucavir-induced proliferative changes in mice

Nucleoside analogues are used in the treatment of viral infections, including those caused by human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes virus. These drugs are beneficial in the treatment of human disease, but are associated with toxicities that often limit their intended therapeutic use, including anemia, neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy. Some of these compounds have been reported to be carcinogenic in rodents. To investigate the carcinogenic potential of lobucavir, a nucleoside analogue, three groups of 60 male and female mice were orally administered lobucavir at daily doses of 10, 50, and 250 mg/kg (males) or 30, 150, and 750 mg/kg (females) over a period of 104 weeks. Two identical groups of 60 male and female mice each served as controls. The morphology and the incidence of neoplasms is described and compared with the tumor spectrum of other nucleoside analogues. Light microscopically, lobucavir-induced neoplastic lesions consisted of upper digestive tract squamous cell neoplasia in males and females; cervical, vaginal, and cutaneous squamous cell neoplasia in females; and Hardarian gland adenomas and adenocarcinomas in male mice. These results suggest that long-term administration of lobucavir causes neoplasia in mice, the spectrum of which resembles that observed after long-term administration of zidovudine or ganciclovir.     

Glucocorticoid effects on rabbit fetal lung maturation in vivo: an ultrastructural morphometric study.

Maternal administration of glucocorticoids is known to stimulate fetal lung maturation. In the present study, we used microscopy and stereology to evaluate the morphological effects of maternal glucocorticoid treatment on rabbit fetal lung tissue. Betamethasone was administered to pregnant rabbits on days 25 and 26 of gestation at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight. The animals were sacrificed on day 27 of gestation. Glucocorticoid treatment significantly increased the presumptive airspace in the fetal lung tissue but did not alter the relative proportion of epithelium, connective tissue, or vasculature in the tissue. In addition, glucocorticoid treatment significantly increased the proportion of type II cells in the prealveolar epithelium, increased the rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis, and increased the content of the major surfactant-associated protein, SP-A, in the fetal lung tissue. We could detect no effect of betamethasone on lamellar body cross-sectional area, numerical density, or volume density within fetal lung type II cells. Glucocorticoid treatment of the pregnant doe caused a decrease in the volume density of intracellular glycogen and an increase in the volume density of mitochondria in fetal lung type II cells. Betamethasone treatment did not alter the distance between fetal lung epithelial cells and subadjacent connective tissue cells. However, glucocorticoid treatment increased the number of connective tissue foot processes that pierced the epithelial basal lamina. Thus, glucocorticoid treatment of the pregnant doe results in structural changes in the fetal lung tissue, an acceleration of some aspects of type II cell differentiation, and a concomitant increase in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.     

A DEBT TO ALEXIS: THE BEAUMONT-ST MARTIN STORY

This paper is based on the book Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion, originally published in 1833. The book held in the Cowlishaw Collection of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons is the Edinburgh edition of 1838, which contains a preface by Andrew Combe, MD. The paper explores several aspects of the BeaumontSt Martin story, from St Martin's original injury and the primary care undertaken by Dr William Beaumont, whose numerous studies of the actions and reactions of the stomach were made possible because St Martin was left with a permanent gastric fistula. While the debt we owe to Beaumont is often acknowledged, patients are not mere machines and surgeons must recognize that surgery also owes a debt to its patients; in this case, to Alexis St Martin for what he permitted by way of experiment.