LONG‐TERM FOLLOW UP OF PATIENTS WITH SMALL GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMORS IN THE STOMACH USING ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY‐GUIDED FINE‐NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY

Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are one of the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. GIST are defined by positive immunohistochemical staining for KIT or CD34 and thus are generally diagnosed after surgery. Because small GIST are rarely diagnosed before surgery, the clinical course of these small tumors is not clear. The aim of the present study was to follow changes in size and configuration of small GIST that were pathologically confirmed using endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (EUS‐FNAB). Methods: Between July 1997 and December 2003, 16 tumors in 16 patients (10 men and 6 women) with an immunohistochemical diagnosis of GIST were regularly followed in our hospital. The median patient age when EUS‐FNAB was performed was 62 years (range 26–82 years) and the median follow‐up period was 4.9 years (range 0.5–9.6 years). Results: Fourteen tumors showed no remarkable changes in size and shape during follow up compared with the initial diagnosis. Two tumors enlarged: one tumor approximately doubled its diameter in 8 years and the other tumor increased from 1.8 cm at diagnosis to up to 10 cm after only 2 years. Doubling time of the latter tumor was calculated as 3.1 months. Conclusions: We conclude that EUS‐FNAB might be a good modality for final diagnosis of GIST without surgery, and that GIST without rapid growth on follow up can be endoscopically followed.     

Protein-calorie malnutrition impairs host defense against Candida albicans.

Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) impairs immune responsiveness predisposing to Candida albicans sepsis, but mechanisms are unclear. This study examined the effect of PCM on enteric-derived C. albicans intestinal translocation and the ability of in vivo interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to upregulate macrophage (MO) candidacidal mechanisms in PCM mice. Control (24% casein) and low protein (2.5%) diets were given for 4 weeks. Mice (n = 160) were fed C. albicans in their drinking water for 3 days and C. albicans translocation (mean colony-forming units (CFU)/g tissue +/- SEM) to the GI tract, liver, spleen, and kidney was assessed at 1 and 5 days following endotoxin challenge of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg body wt. In a separate study (n = 100 mice), IFN-gamma (1000-10,000 U/day ip) vs saline was given for 3 days prior to harvesting peritoneal macrophages for assay of superoxide anion (O2-), percentage macrophage phagocytosis of C. albicans, and percentage killing of C. albicans. On Day 1, fungal translocation to the intestinal wall and systemic organs in the PCM group was significantly higher. On Day 5, mean CFU were significantly higher in the PCM group, indicating impaired organ clearance. Mean O2-, phagocytosis, and killing were significantly impaired in the PCM group (P less than 0.05), but IFN-gamma improved all functions. PCM significantly depressed host responses to C. albicans. IFN-gamma treatment enhanced candidacidal mechanisms, suggesting a therapeutic role in the malnourished host predisposed to C. albicans sepsis.     

Medial talo-calcaneal coalition. Case report

Medial talo-calcaneal coalition is an uncommon developmental anomaly consisting of a bony projection arising from the postero-medial aspect of the sustentaculum tali, which may articulate with another bony projection from the medial aspect of the talus. Fibrous, cartilaginous or bony ankylosis may occur. It usually presents in adolescents, and causes pain following exercise. It may cause a lump, and can predispose to flat foot and early osteoarthrosis. This condition is easily overlooked on routine views of the ankle, and may require oblique views and tomography for its detection and clarification.