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1.
The initial management of bladder outflow obstruction typically related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) falls to a large extent within the remit of general practice. Referral onwards to secondary care typically arises following the failure to respond to conservative measures or when complications have supervened; the most significant of which is urinary retention. In the hospital setting, anaesthesia, constipation and immobility are the common precipitants. What follows is a practical guide to the management of these situations and provides an overview of the conservative, medical, minimally invasive and surgical treatments available. 相似文献
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3.
Background
There is currently an unprecedented expressed need and demand for estimates of maternal mortality in developing countries. This has been stimulated in part by the creation of a Millennium Development Goal that will be judged partly on the basis of reductions in maternal mortality by 2015. 相似文献4.
The leucocyte migration test (LMT) was performed on 20 patients with an intolerance to glafenin--a non-narcotic analgesic drug. LMT was found to be positive in 50% of the subjects with intolerance, a highly significant percentage as compared with the control groups. HSA-glafenin was found to be the most appropriate method for presenting the antigen, but glafenin and its hydroxylated metabolites were only found to induce a migration inhibition in the subjects intolerant to glafenin. 相似文献
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6.
BA Evans IA Hughes CL Bevan MN Patterson JW Gregory 《Archives of disease in childhood》1997,76(6):529-531
The androgen insensitivity syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder with a wide spectrum of phenotypic abnormalities, ranging from complete female to ambiguous forms that more closely resemble males. The primary abnormality is a defective androgen receptor protein due to a mutation of the androgen receptor gene. This prevents normal androgen action and thus leads to impaired virilisation. A point mutation of the androgen receptor gene affecting two siblings with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome is described. One had cliteromegaly and labial fusion and was raised as a girl, whereas the other sibling had micropenis and penoscrotal hypospadias and was raised as a boy. Both were shown to have the arginine 840 to cysteine mutation. The phenotypic variation in this family is thus dependent on factors other than abnormalities of the androgen receptor gene alone. 相似文献
7.
OBJECTIVE: Because survival from admission to discharge does not provide parents and physicians information about future life expectancy in the premature neonate, we characterized the actuarial survival, defined as the future life expectancy from a given postnatal age, in a large inborn population of premature infants < 30 weeks' gestation. STUDY DESIGN: We determined daily actuarial survival of 1925 inborn infants (23 to 29 weeks' gestation) admitted to the Baylor Affiliated Nurseries from July 1986 through December 1994, stratified by 100-g birth weight and by 1-week gestational-age intervals. RESULTS: In the 501- to 600-g birth weight stratum, actuarial survival improved from 31% at birth, to 61% on day of life 7, and then to 75% on day of life 28; in the 901- to 1000-g birth weight stratum, actuarial survival improved from 88%, to 94%, and then to 98% throughout the same times, respectively. Similar trends were obtained when data were stratified by gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: Survival in the smallest infants improves dramatically during the first few days of life, but there is a significant risk for late death in the smallest of these infants. 相似文献
8.
Antisense RNA-mediated reduction of p53 induces malignant phenotype in nontumorigenic rat urothelial cells 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
p53 mutation is commonly associated with high-grade, high-stage human
urothelial carcinomas. Recent studies suggest that p53 mutation in low-
grade, low-stage bladder carcinomas may be correlated with the progression
of the disease. In the present study, we used antisense RNA methodology in
vitro to evaluate the significance of the loss of p53 function at an early
stage of urinary bladder carcinogenesis. An immortalized nontumorigenic rat
urothelial cell line (MYP3) that strongly expresses wild-type (WT) p53 was
transfected with a plasmid (pcDL-SR alpha-296) containing a rat WT p53 cDNA
in antisense orientation. The transfection resulted in a significant
reduction in p53 mRNA expression and protein synthesis, in stimulation of
anchorage- dependent growth, and in acquisition of anchorage-independent
growth potential. Three such clones, when tested in athymic nude mice, all
formed muscle-invasive, high-grade transitional cell carcinomas at s.c.
injection sites. When cells were inoculated into an orthotopic site
(urinary bladder), one of two antisense transfectants tested formed bulky
tumors in the bladder in all seven nude mice and metastases to lungs in
three of the seven mice. Analysis of these cells revealed a decrease in the
expression of p21 (WAF1, sdi1, or CIP1) and retinoblastoma (Rb) gene
product. Phosphorylation of Rb protein was not inhibited when the cells
were starved. No significant difference was observed in the expression of
p16 protein. In cell cycle analysis, all antisense transfectants tested
escaped from G1 arrest by starvation. Furthermore, secretion of interleukin
(IL)-6 into culture medium was increased significantly. Treatment with
anti-IL-6 antibody suppressed anchorage-dependent growth. This study
directly demonstrates that the loss of p53 function at an early stage of
urothelial carcinogenesis may result in acquisition of a malignant
phenotype by regulating IL-6 production as well as cell cycle related
genes.
相似文献
9.
血、尿中安眠酮及其代谢物的测定 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过一例安眠酮中毒病人血、尿中安眠酮及其代谢物的测定,描述了用紫外光谱(uv)、气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱质谱(GC/MS)法测定安眠酮及其代谢物的系统分析方法。样品的提取净化采用液一液萃取和固相萃取两种方法,都得到了很好的结果。紫外光谱用于测定血、尿中安眠酮和其代谢物的总量;气相色谱用于测定血、尿中安眠酮原药的含量;气相色谱质谱则用于鉴定血、尿中的安眠酮及其代谢物。除安眠酮外,血、尿中共检出10种安眠酮代谢物,其中包括两种乙酰化代谢物。此法还为临床救治提供指导。 相似文献
10.
Signal transduction by the platelet Fc receptor 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
We have evaluated the mechanism by which crosslinking human platelet Fc receptor (FcR) for IgG triggers platelet aggregation and the platelet release reaction. Platelet FcR was crosslinked by incubating purified human platelets with anti-FcRII monoclonal antibody and F(ab')2 anti- mouse Ig. The resultant [Ca2+]i increase, monitored by Fura-2 and measured in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, reached a peak of 750 +/- 50 nmol/L. The effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors, aspirin and indomethacin, and a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, dibromoacetophenone, were examined. Regardless of the inhibitor, at least 25% of the [Ca2+]i increase remained. Thrombin (0.2 U/mL) stimulated an immediate [Ca2+]i increase that reached 1.95 +/- 0.8 mumol/L. The [Ca2+]i increase generated by thrombin was only slightly reduced by these inhibitors. Crosslinking the FcRII of platelets resulted in a fivefold increase in the production of [3H]inositol phosphates, (IP) which, in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ was insensitive to aspirin. The activation of a [Ca2+]i increase along with the measured increases in IP indicate that FcRII crosslinking leads to the activation of phospholipase C (PLC). In contrast to thrombin, platelet activation via FcRII depends to a large extent on arachidonic acid metabolites. However, neither cyclooxygenase nor phospholipase A2 inhibitors completely blocked FcRII-stimulated [Ca2+]i increase. These observations led us to propose that crosslinking of platelet FcRII initially activates PLC. 相似文献