Peritoneal trophoblastic implants after surgical management of tubal pregnancy.

Persistent trophoblast after salpingostomy occurs in up to 7% of cases of tubal pregnancy. Usually the retained trophoblast is within the fallopian tube, but recent reports have described viable implants on the serosal and omental surfaces. A survey was mailed to 100 members of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists to determine the incidence of the complication. The 25 respondents reported 14 cases of persistent trophoblast implanted on the pelvic serosal or omental surface. This complication followed 1.9% of the cases managed with laparoscopy and 0.6% managed with laparotomy. Some surgical steps can decrease the likelihood of this complication. Also, the beta-human chorionic gonadotropin level should be monitored postoperatively, even if management was with salpingectomy, and especially if the specimen was fragmented laparoscopically to facilitate its removal.     

Leukaemia epidemiology and radiation risks.

This review deals with the associations between exposure to ionising and non-ionising irradiation and the risks of leukaemia. A systematic approach is adopted to enable the reader to disentangle the different types of exposure and their resultant effects (if any) on leukaemogenesis.     

A cluster of cases of streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis in Gloucestershire.

We describe the first cluster of cases of necrotizing fasciitis (NF) in this century in the United Kingdom (UK). Between 1 January and 30 June 1994 there were six cases (five confirmed, one probable) of Streptococcus pyogenes NF in west Gloucestershire, population 320,000. Two cases died. The first two patients probably acquired their infections during the course of elective surgery performed in the same operating theatre, possibly from a nasopharyngeal carrier amongst the theatre staff. The remaining infections were community-acquired. Of 5 S. pyogenes isolates there were 2 M1 strains, 1 M3, 1 M5 and 1 M non-typeable strain. S. pyogenes NF had not been recorded in west Gloucestershire in the preceding 10 years and the incidence of S. pyogenes bacteraemia in England and Wales had not risen in the past 5 years. The two presumably theatre-acquired infections raised several issues. The need for detailed bacteriological investigation of all cases of post-surgical NF was confirmed. Clusters of S. pyogenes infection following surgery should be managed by closure of the operating theatre until all staff have been screened for carriage. Closure of an operating theatre and screening of staff following a sporadic case is probably not justified because of the infrequency of surgical cross-infection with S. pyogenes. Regular, routine screening of theatre staff is neither practical nor necessary.     

Tunica vaginalis urethroplasty.

Tunica vaginalis on a vascular pedicle was tubularized and used as a urethra to repair hypospadias in three difficult cases. This is the first report of tunica vaginalis utilized for a urethral reconstruction in humans. This new surgical technique is described.