Barrier protection capacity of flip-top pharmaceutical vials

Study ObjectiveTo test the sterility of medication vial tops after removal of the dust cover, and to survey anesthesia providers for their perceptions surrounding medication vials and sterility.DesignExperimental design and survey instrument.SettingAmbulatory and hospital care setting.ParticipantsAnesthesia providers in the United States.MeasurementsA two-question survey was distributed to anesthesia providers in the U.S. An experimental model was conducted on a total of 42 medication vials. The access diaphragms of medication vials were sampled after routine handling, after exposure to aerosolized contamination with the dust cover on, and after submersion into a bacterial medium with the dust cover on.Main Results878 responses to Question 1 and 876 responses to Question 2 were received. Fifty-two percent of respondents declared that the access diaphragm was sterile in routine conditions, and 43% felt that (or were unsure if) the dust cover would prevent contamination when exposed to a contaminated environment. Two of the 12 vials sampled in the routine handling model had microbial contaminants on the access diaphragm. No growth was found on any of the 15 vials exposed to aerosolized E. coli. Seven of the 15 vials in the submersion model were contaminated.ConclusionsAnesthesia providers in the U.S. possess contradictory opinions of, and unclear knowledge about, the sterility of rubber stoppers used to access medications, and also the barrier capacity of a vial’s dust cover. Standard anesthetic medication vial dust covers do not offer barrier protection against the growth of pathogens.     

Computational prediction of type III and IV secreted effectors in gram-negative bacteria

In this review, we provide an overview of the methods employed in four recent studies that described novel methods for computational prediction of secreted effectors from type III and IV secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria. We present the results of these studies in terms of performance at accurately predicting secreted effectors and similarities found between secretion signals that may reflect biologically relevant features for recognition. We discuss the Web-based tools for secreted effector prediction described in these studies and announce the availability of our tool, the SIEVE server (http://www.sysbep.org/sieve). Finally, we assess the accuracies of the three type III effector prediction methods on a small set of proteins not known prior to the development of these tools that we recently discovered and validated using both experimental and computational approaches. Our comparison shows that all methods use similar approaches and, in general, arrive at similar conclusions. We discuss the possibility of an order-dependent motif in the secretion signal, which was a point of disagreement in the studies. Our results show that there may be classes of effectors in which the signal has a loosely defined motif and others in which secretion is dependent only on compositional biases. Computational prediction of secreted effectors from protein sequences represents an important step toward better understanding the interaction between pathogens and hosts.     

硫代磷酸反义寡核苷酸prop5对流感病毒进入细胞的抑制作用

目的 研究硫代磷酸反义寡核苷酸prop5对流感病毒感染进入细胞的影响。方法 采用流感病毒感染A549细胞模型,设立随机序列（prop5R）和正义序列（prop5S）作为阴性对照,收集细胞培养液,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测病毒RNA拷贝数,评价反义寡核苷酸对病毒吸附和进入的影响;进一步通过血凝抑制实验检测prop5对流感病毒吸附细胞的影响,溶血抑制实验检测prop5对流感病毒进入细胞的影响。结果 prop5能够抑制流感病毒A/Jingfang/1/86（H1N1）感染A549细胞,对流感病毒吸附细胞过程没有影响,prop5能够抑制A/Jingfang/1/86（H1N1）、A/Lufang/9/93（H3N2）、A/FM/1/47（H1N1）和A/PR/8/34（H1N1）介导的膜融合。结论 prop5能抑制流感病毒进入细胞,这种额外的活性增强了prop5的抗病毒能力。     

回顾性分析ACEI/ARB联用激素对微小病变型肾病综合征的影响

目的 研究血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂/血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ACEI/ARB)联合激素治疗微小病型肾病综合征(MCD)的疗效.方法 回顾性分析1998年11月至2006年10月肾活检确诊为MCD的患者,分为激素单联用ACEI或ARB组、激素联用ACEI及ARB组,及单用激素组作为对照.结果 符合入组94例,激素单联用ACEI或ARB组(36例),复发率52.78%;激素联用ACEI及ARB组(30例),复发率56.67%;单用激素组(28例),复发率46.43%,其复发率及尿蛋白转阴时间均无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 激素联用ACEI及或ARB不能降低MCD患者的复发率及缩短尿蛋白转阴时间.     

不翻瓣技术牙种植的临床观察

目的 观察不翻瓣微创技术在牙齿种植的临床应用效果.方法 采用全景X线曲面断层和线性断层投照技术,在拟行牙齿种植区域测量牙槽骨宽度、高度、厚度,明确骨质量,术前在石膏模型上绘出骨地图,制作种植导板.选择牙种植患者,在不作粘骨膜切开的情况下植入ITI柱状螺纹种植体,对旋入扭矩大于35 N·cm者,立即安装永久基台,作塑料牙即刻负荷.记录微创种植的手术时间;通过测定术前、术后1月、3月、半年和1年的X线牙槽骨改变,作临床评价.结果 不翻瓣组平均随访时间为12.3个月,除1例在植入后发生短期的种植体周围炎外,X线检查全部种植体周围骨质无明显透射阴影区,术后6个月平均牙槽嵴骨吸收量为0.15 mm.全部种植牙健存.不翻瓣组单个牙的平均种植时间是10.4min,而对照组为25.7min,两者具有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论 对骨质量佳的种植牙区域可采用不翻开粘骨膜瓣的微创种植技术,手术简单,手术时间短,种植成功率高.     

VEGF-A及其受体VEGFR-1与子宫内膜癌生物学行为关系的探讨

目的:检测50例子宫内膜癌组织及癌旁正常内膜组织的VEGF-A和VEGFR-1的表达情况,探讨VEGF-A及其受体VEGFR-1是否与子宫内膜癌的侵袭与转移有关。方法:采用RT-PCR技术对50例癌组织及癌旁正常组织进行VEGF-A和VEGFR-1 mRNA半定量检测;采用Western blot进行其蛋白质表达的半定量检测。结果:癌组织VEGF-A和VEGFR-1 mRNA表达水平及蛋白质水平均明显高于癌旁正常内膜组织;VEGF-A和VEGFR-1的高表达与子宫内膜癌肌层侵袭的深度有关,与淋巴结的转移无关;低分化癌组织VEGF-A的表达明显高于中、高分化,VEGFR-1的表达与细胞分化无关。结论:VEGF-A及其受体VEGFR-1的高表达可引起子宫内膜癌的肌层侵袭;癌分化越差,VEGF-A表达越高。     

1135例性病病原体感染状况调查

目的 :为了明确性病患者的病原体构成。方法 :采用单克隆抗体免疫荧光法及培养、涂片对 1135例性病患者进行解脲支原体 (UU)、衣原体 (CT)、淋球菌 (GC)、人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV)、单纯疱诊病毒Ⅱ (HSV -Ⅱ )等五种常见病原体的检测。结果显示 :检出率最高的为UU ,占 30 13% ,CT、GC、HPV、HSV -Ⅱ分别占 :2 5 19%、 12 2 5 %、 6 2 5 %、 10 93%。两种或两种以上的病原体混和感染占 14 98%。     

针灸对血管性痴呆大鼠行为学及组织内乙酰胆碱酯酶含量的影响

目的:观察针刺百会、大椎、人中穴对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠学习记忆能力及血和海马内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)含量的影响,探讨其治疗血管性痴呆的机制。方法:用双侧颈总动脉缺血再灌注制作VD大鼠模型,将造模后的VD大鼠随机分为模型组、针灸组和西药组加以治疗。通过大鼠跳台检测行为学指标;酶免法检测血清和大脑海马组织AchE含量。结果:针灸组大鼠跳台检测反应期比模型组减少(P<0.05);针灸组血清和海马AchE含量比模型组降低(P<0.05)。结论:针刺百会、大椎、人中穴对血管性痴呆大鼠血和海马内AchE含量的改善是其治疗机制之一。