Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV into a chronic condition, lengthening and improving the lives of individuals living with this virus. Despite successful suppression of HIV replication, people living with HIV (PLWH) are susceptible to a growing number of comorbidities, including neuroHIV that results from infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Alterations in the dopaminergic system have long been associated with HIV infection of the CNS. Studies indicate that changes in dopamine concentrations not only alter neurotransmission, but also significantly impact the function of immune cells, contributing to neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction. Monocytes/macrophages, which are a major target for HIV in the CNS, are responsive to dopamine. Therefore, defining more precisely the mechanisms by which dopamine acts on these cells, and the changes in cellular function elicited by this neurotransmitter are necessary to develop therapeutic strategies to treat neuroHIV. This is especially important for vulnerable populations of PLWH with chemically altered dopamine concentrations, such as individuals with substance use disorder (SUD), or aging individuals using dopamine-altering medications. The specific neuropathologic and neurocognitive consequences of increased CNS dopamine remain unclear. This is due to the complex nature of HIV neuropathogenesis, and logistical and technical challenges that contribute to inconsistencies among cohort studies, animal models and in vitro studies, as well as lack of demographic data and access to human CNS samples and cells. This review summarizes current understanding of the impact of dopamine on HIV neuropathogenesis, and proposes new experimental approaches to examine the role of dopamine in CNS HIV infection.
One hundred eight serum samples from 106 patients were examined by Western blot analysis for the presence of antibodies to a recombinant fusion protein containing the sequence of the newly described serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica protein (SREHP). Among patients with invasive amebiasis from Durban, Republic of South Africa; San Diego, Calif; Mexico City, Mexico; and St Louis, Mo, 53 (82%) of 65 had antibodies to SREHP. In contrast, only one patient (2%) of 43 without acute invasive amebiasis had antibodies to SREHP. The predictive value of a positive test for anti-SREHP antibodies in the detection of acute invasive amebiasis was most marked when analyzed in the patients from Durban, where 11 (92%) of 12 patients who were seropositive for SREHP had acute invasive amebiasis vs 17 (65%) of 26 patients who had a positive serologic diagnosis as determined by agar gel diffusion. The use of a serologic test based on the recombinant SREHP fusion protein may be a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of acute invasive amebiasis in endemic regions. 相似文献
The question of whether somatic complaints are a significant feature of depression independent of anxiety was explored. Structured interview (Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children) and Child Behavior Checklist data from depressed and nondepressed psychiatric controls were analyzed to explore the interaction of somatic complaints, anxiety, and depression. Seventy percent of the children who met criteria for depression also had significant somatic complaints in contrast to 34% of the controls. Findings revealed that frequency of somatic complaints increased with severity of depression regardless of coexisting anxiety. 相似文献