5.
Distinctive arthritic patterns, some of which may parallel or even precede intestinal disease activity, are seen in inflammatory
bowel disease. Some spondyloarthropathies are associated with transient ileocolic inflammation. Vasculitis frequently affects
the gastrointestinal tract, predominantly manifesting with abdominal pain. In severe cases, intestinal ischemia and perforation
may occur. Various arthritides are thought to be associated with other gastrointestinal diseases, such as celiac disease and
hepatitis. The association between intestinal disease and arthritis is still being investigated. Interactions between the
inflammatory intestinal cells and inflamed synovial cells have been demonstrated. Certain intestinal bacteria such as
Klebsiella pneumoniae are suspected to play a role as triggers for the development of arthropathies. Genetic factors, especially human leukocyte
antigen associations, are also being increasingly investigated for better characterization of the types of arthritis and possible
prognostic implications. Various therapies, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, used to treat rheumatologic diseases
have the potential to cause gastrointestinal complications.
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