A study of the relationship between the fever caused by bacterial pyrogens and the fever accompanying acute infections

The relationship between the fever of acute infection and that following injection of bacterial pyrogen was studied by administering pyrogens to animals convalescent from acute infections. Rabbits surviving dermal pneumococcal infections or peritonitis due to Escherichia coli were given intravenous injections of typhoid or E. coli vaccine. They showed no evidence of tolerance to the fever-promoting effect of these pyrogenic materials. Tolerance did develop in infected animals given daily pyrogen injections during the course of the infection. Certain previous observations upon the ability of rabbits to develop tolerance to pyrogens, the broad nature of the tolerance, and its duration were confirmed. It is concluded that the pyrogen produced by certain bacteria plays little or no r?le in the production of the fever of infection. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that there is a common factor, perhaps a product of cell injury, underlying the fever accompanying diseases of various types.     

Computer-Assisted Instruction Improves Clinical Reasoning Skills of Dietetics Students

Objective The effects of a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) tutorial program on learning clinical reasoning skills were compared in undergraduate dietetics students.Design A drill-and-practice program to control for time on task, a tutorial program, and a simulation program, as the test vehicle, were developed. The tutorial and simulation programs presented data on a patient with cardiovascular disease.Setting Subjects were tested in 30 undergraduate dietetics programs.Subjects Participants were 413 undergraduate diet therapy students enrolled in a coordinated program in dietetics (CPD) or a didactic program in dietetics (DPD).Intervention After completion of lectures on cardiovascular disease, subjects were given the drill-and-practice program plus a simulation test (group 1), the tutorial plus a simulation test (group 2), or the simulation test only (group 3).Main outcome measures Scores on the simulation test were compared. Variables included type of CAI, dietetics program, year in school, computer experience, and experience using a medical chart. Mastery of objectives related to lower- and higher-level clinical reasoning skills introduced in the tutorial program was compared.Statistical analysis One-way analysis of variance and Student-Newman Keuls tests were conducted to determine any differences among the three groups. Reliability was determined using the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20.Results The reliability coefficient of the simulation test was 0.93. Group 2 scored higher on the simulation test than group 1 or group 3. As a group, the CPD students scored higher than the DPD students. When CPD and DPD students were divided into the three experimental groups, there was no significant difference between the CPD and DPD student simulation scores. Group 2 mastered all objectives for lower-level reasoning skills and the higher-level decision-making objective better than groups 1 and 3.Applications/conclusions A computer tutorial program enhanced clinical reasoning skills in undergraduate dietetics students. This type of program could be used to supplement many topics taught in diet therapy and provide DPD students with experiential learning before their clinical intern practicums. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995; 95:868–873.     

Advanced trauma life support

The experience of Advanced Trauma Life Support training received by three anaesthetists is discussed with particular reference to the teaching of airway management, the grade of staff who should attend the present courses and the relevance to the British hospital system. We conclude that these courses are useful but limited by their inflexibility and failure to recognise the difference in skill mix in the British setting.