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The fate of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria monocytogenes in control gruel and fermenting "siljo" was assessed. S. aureus reached levels of 10(8) cfu/ml within 48 h in the control gruel. In fermenting "siljo" the count decreased all through the fermentation time. B.cereus was completely inhibited in fermenting "siljo" within 24 h, whereas it survived until 72 h in the control gruel. Complete inhibition of L.monocytogenes was noted at 48 h in fermenting "siljo". L.monocytogenes survived until 96 h in control gruel. Fermentation resulted in fall in pH to < 5.0 within 48-72 h and increase in titratable acidity was also noted. As "siljo" is usually consumed after 72 h of fermentation, "siljo" fermented for more than three days is safe from food intoxication caused by B. cereus or S.aureus or infection from L.monocytogenes.  相似文献   
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In this study, we explored the local cytokine/chemokine profiles in patients with active pulmonary or pleural tuberculosis (TB) using multiplex protein analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage and pleural fluid samples. Despite increased pro-inflammation compared to the uninfected controls; there was no up-regulation of IFN-γ or the T cell chemoattractant CCL5 in the lung of patients with pulmonary TB. Instead, elevated levels of IL-4 and CCL4 were associated with high mycobacteria-specific IgG titres as well as SOCS3 (suppressors of cytokine signaling) mRNA and progression of moderate-to-severe disease. Contrary, IL-4, CCL4 and SOCS3 remained low in patients with extrapulmonary pleural TB, while IFN-γ, CCL5 and SOCS1 were up-regulated. Both SOCS molecules were induced in human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. The Th2 immune response signature found in patients with progressive pulmonary TB could result from inappropriate cytokine/chemokine responses and excessive SOCS3 expression that may represent potential targets for clinical TB management.  相似文献   
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A total of 150 samples of street foods comprising 30 each of 'sambussa', 'macaroni', 'lentil sandwich', 'kitfo' (raw minced meat) and 'egg sandwich' were examined for the relation between their holding temperatures and bacteriological profile. Over 90% of the samples were stored within a temperature range of 15.5-34.5 degrees C. At this holding temperature counts of coliforms and members of the Enterobacteriaceae were below detectable levels in 'sambussa' samples. In 'macaroni', 'lentil sandwich', 'kitfo' and 'egg sandwich' these counts were higher than 10(6) cfu g(-1) in most cases. Over 70% of the street food samples had aerobic mesophilic counts higher than 10(7) cfu g(-1). Of the total of 1552 bacterial strains isolated from the different food samples, Bacillus spp. (29.1%), staphylococci (22.8%) and micrococci (15.4%) were among the dominant groups. Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (14.5%) were also frequently encountered.  相似文献   
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Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) once thought rare in Africans is being seen more frequently. Diet and life style modify the risk of CRC. Its frequency, age, sex and site distribution has not been studied systematically in our country. The presentation of CRC was studied and compared in two 5-year periods with a 10 year time gap. The biopsies of 255 patients with a diagnosis of CRC during two periods were reviewed. CRC constituted 0.8% of the total of biopsies and 34% of colorectal biopsies. The mean age at presentation was 47 years while 61.4% occurred below the age of 50 years, 36% below 40 and 16% occurred below the age of 30 years. Of all CRC 66.7% were located in the rectum and 33.3% in the colon. The male to female ratio for both rectal and colonic cancers was 2:1. These findings did not show any major change during the two study periods. CRC occur at a much younger age in Ethiopia than in the developed world. More than half of the cases were in the rectum. Therefore, the shift of CRC to the right colon reported of elsewhere was not observed. The clinician should expect CRC also in young patients, and most of these carcinomas are still detectable by proctosigmoidoscopy.  相似文献   
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OBJECTIVE: Evaluation and monitoring of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) testing reagents at the point of service is helpful to prevent the occurrence of problems related to testing and interpretation. To evaluate the implementation of HIV rapid test kits at the point of services in voluntarily counseling and testing (VCT) and diagnostic centers in Ethiopia. METHODS: The assessment was the third phase of evaluation of HIV rapid test kits in Ethiopia followed from phase-I and phase-II. Known proficiency testing panels, well-structured questionnaire (addressing type of tests, human resource and problems related to tests), onsite supervision and retesting of samples collected from sites were used to evaluate the performances of reagents and laboratories. RESULTS: Forty-four health institutions were included. Thirty-six (90.0%) health institutions had trained human resource on HIV testing. In 27 (61.4%) three types of HIV rapid test kits (Determine, Capillus and Unigold) were available. Serial-algorithm was used in all the laboratories. In 31 (70.4%) of them external quality control specimens were not used. Twenty two (50.0%) of the laboratories reported frequent shortage of reagents. All (100%) were able to identify negative specimens distributed. Positive proficiency panel samples were identified in 37 (94.8%) of the 39 laboratories. There was 98.3% agreement at a screening level between the sites and the central laboratory. Rate of discrepancy between screening and confirmatory assays was found to be 3.0% and 2.1% at the sites and at central laboratory, respectively. CONCLUSION: The test kits showed a good performance at the point of services in the field sites. However, continuous assessment of HIV test kits at the point of service and training of professionals on newly arrived techniques are recommended to have effective testing performance with acceptable sensitive and specific testing algorithm. Effective quality assurance program should be in place to support programs such as VCT, prevention of mother-to-child-transmission and antiretroviral therapy.  相似文献   
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SETTING: Butajira, Southern Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic capacity of the clinical criteria for tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN) with histological and/or culture results and to assess the association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with tuberculosis (TB) lymphadenitis. DESIGN: Patients (n=171) were included in the study from October 2005 until July 2006 at Butajira Hospital. Laboratory tests were performed to confirm TBLN. HIV status was identified in TBLN patients and retrospectively in 1608 healthy individuals. RESULT: A total of 136/161 (84.5%) patients were diagnosed with TBLN by histology. TBLN was culture-confirmed in 107/156 (68.6%) patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of histology were respectively 92.5%, 49%, 79.8% and 75% when compared to culture as gold standard. Patients positive for TBLN by cytology and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) were also positive by histology and culture. Among the 143 confirmed TBLN patients, nine (6.3%) were HIV-positive. Of the 1608 healthy individuals, 77 (4.8%) were HIV-positive. Younger age (P=0.0001), female sex (P=0.016), not being married (P=0.0001) and illiteracy (P=0.016) showed a strong association with HIV in healthy individuals. CONCLUSION: Clinical criteria alone over-diagnosed TBLN by 15.4% compared to histological and/or bacteriological results. The HIV prevalence in TBLN patients and healthy individuals was the same.  相似文献   
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In developing countries such as Ethiopia, where chronic gastritis and peptic-ulcer disease are the most common endoscopic findings, it is important to study the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastroduodenal diseases. Both invasive and non-invasive diagnostic methods were therefore used to investigate 300, consecutive, adult patients with dyspepsia, from the gastrointestinal clinic of Tikur Anbassa University Hospital, Addis Ababa. The apparent overall prevalence of H. pylori infection varied according to the detection method employed. Culture revealed H. pylori in only 69% of the patients but this pathogen appeared more common when rapid urease tests (71%), PCR-denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (91%), histopathology (81%), silver staining (75%) or stool-antigen tests (81%) were employed. Antibodies to H. pylori were detected, both by enzyme immuno-assay (EIA) and immunoblotting, in approximately 80% of the patients, whether the antigens used were of a reference strain or from a local isolate of H. pylori. When some of the EIA-positive and EIA-negative sera were cross-absorbed with antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and re-tested by EIA, the H. pylori-positive sera remained positive and the negative sera remained negative. Dyspeptic patients in Ethiopia, like most of those previously observed elsewhere in Africa, are often infected with H. pylori. It is important that the management of these patients should not be hampered by the misinterpretation of the African epidemiology of this pathogen.  相似文献   
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The effects of beta-amyloid peptide25-35 on resting membrane potential, spontaneous and evoked action potential and synaptic activity have been studied in basolateral amygdaloid complex on slices obtained from adult rats. Intracellular recordings reveal that perfusion with beta-amyloid peptide25-35 at concentrations of 400 nM and less did not generate any effect on resting membrane potential. However, concentrations in the range of 800-1200 nM produced an unpredictable effect, depolarization and/or hyperpolarization, which were blocked by tetrodotoxin or 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione+D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid together with bicuculline. Excitatory and inhibitory evoked responses mediated by glutamic acid or gamma-aminobutyric acid decreased in amplitude after beta-amyloid peptide25-35 perfusion. Additionally, results obtained using the paired-pulse protocol offer support for a presynaptic mode of action. To determine which type of receptors and/or channels are involved in the presynaptic mechanism of action, a specific blocker of alpha-7 nicotinic receptors (methyllycaconitine citrate) or L-type calcium channel blockers (calcicludine or nifedipine) were used. beta-amyloid petide25-35 decreased excitatory postsynaptic potentials amplitude in control conditions and also in slices permanently perfused with methyllycaconitine citrate. However, this effect was blocked in slices perfused with calcicludine or nifedipine suggesting the involvement of the L-type calcium channels. On the whole, these experiments provide evidence that beta-amyloid peptide25-35 affects neurotransmission in basolateral amygdala and its action is mediated through L-type calcium channels.  相似文献   
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