Fitbit Flex: an unreliable device for longitudinal sleep measures in a non-clinical population

Sleep and Breathing -     

The origins of electroconvulsive therapy: Prof. Bini's first report on ECT

In August 1939, at the 3rd International Neurological Congress in Copenhagen, Professor Lucio Bini reported on the first use of electricity to induce a seizure for therapeutic purposes in psychotic patients. At that time, the discovery of ECT amounted to a therapeutic revolution, helping millions of mentally ill patients and furthering the scientific understanding of several disorders. Although electricity had been used to treat several physical ailments and mental disorders, electricity, rather than the convulsive crisis, was considered therapeutic. In modern times von Meduna was the first to clearly recognize the therapeutic value of ‘complete’ seizures, but it was thanks to Cerletti's dedication to biological research and Bini's contribution that ECT became one of the most effective and safe treatments available.ECT remains a highly effective and safe treatment option and thousands of papers have been published on ECT since the original report by Bini. To celebrate this anniversary, we translated Prof. Bini's original report as an abstract presented in Copenhagen in 1939.     

Practitioner Review: The assessment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents

Background:  An increasing number of youth are being diagnosed with, and treated for, bipolar disorder (BD). Controversy exists about whether youth with non-episodic irritability and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) should be considered to have a developmental presentation of mania.
Method:  A selective review of the literature related to this question, along with recommendations to guide clinical assessment.
Results:  Data indicate differences between youth with episodic mania and those with non-episodic irritability in longitudinal diagnostic associations, family history, and pathophysiology. In youth with episodic mania, elation and irritability are both common during manic episodes.
Conclusions:  In diagnosing mania in youth, clinicians should focus on the presence of episodes that consist of a distinct change in mood accompanied by concurrent changes in cognition and behavior. BD should not be diagnosed in the absence of such episodes. In youth with ADHD, symptoms such as distractibility and agitation should be counted as manic symptoms only if they are markedly increased over the youth's baseline symptoms at the same time that there is a distinct change in mood and the occurrence of other associated symptoms of mania. Although different techniques for diagnosing comorbid illnesses have not been compared systematically, it appears most rational to diagnose co-occurring illnesses such as ADHD only if the symptoms of the co-occurring illness are present when the youth is euthymic.