我国城市各医疗机构开展戒烟服务现况调查

吸烟是导致肺癌、慢性支气管炎、冠心病、脑卒中等多种可预防性疾病发生和死亡的主要原因之一，戒烟是降低烟草相关疾病发生和死亡的直接有效措施。随着我国健康教育的不断深入开展。人们对烟草危害的认识逐步提高，越来越多的人需要医疗机构提供基本的戒烟服务。为了解我国城市社区医疗机构戒烟服务的提供情况，分别在北京、上海、天津、深圳、长沙和濮阳6城市中选择了1～2个社区共计51家医疗机构开展了本次调查。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间发热门诊开展药学服务模式探索

目的结合新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)疫情防控特点,探讨医院发热门诊开展药学服务的工作模式。方法回顾整理新冠肺炎疫情防控期间发热门诊的药学服务工作,针对薄弱环节进行持续改进。结果与结论医院发热门诊在疫情防控第一时间实施电子处方,采取岗前培训、医师诊疗系统药学信息服务支持、推进发热门诊实时互动审方、探索通过互联网平台实现患者离院后药学服务延伸等有力措施,推动发热门诊药学服务工作的深入开展,保障了发热门诊患者用药安全性和有效性。随着"互联网+诊疗"模式的迅速兴起,"互联网+药学服务"平台亟待建立。     

医院结构化药学决策知识库建设实践与应用成效分析

目的介绍上海交通大学附属第六人民医院构建结构化药学决策知识库的方法及实践。方法首先进行药学信息结构化梳理,然后构建结构化药学决策知识库,并进行设置测试和运行,最后建立药学决策知识规则库的5步循环更新机制,用于实现用药决策支持功能。在此基础上,比较2016-2018年上半年不合理医嘱比例和构成。结果按用法用量、禁忌症、适应证、相互作用、配伍、特殊人群用药等特征,对药品应用信息进行结构化梳理,并进行设置测试和试运行,经过药事管理与药物治疗学委员会讨论备案后上线,笔者所在医院结构化药学决策知识库共计包含用药规则10 000余条,涉及药品1500余种。该系统自2017年初上线,将不合理医嘱比例从6.02%下降到2.07%,同时显著改变不合理医嘱构成,促进药学服务质量提升。结论笔者所在医院结构化药学决策知识库不仅能提高医疗服务效率和质量,而且能提升医院用药安全的管理水平。     

乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗符合WHO要求的无菌工艺验证

成都生物制品研究所有限责任公司（成都公司）生产的乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗（乙脑疫苗）是通过WHO预认证的国际项目产品。无菌分装工艺作为乙脑疫苗冻干粉针剂生产工艺的核心部分将直接决定产品的质量。     

初中生吸烟现状及干预效果的行为评价

目的 了解中学生吸烟现状,评价控烟工作的效果,降低中学生吸烟率.方法 整群抽取长沙市两所非重点中学,其中一所学校实施一系列以学科渗透、宣教、组织培训为主的控烟干预,另一所作为对照,干预前后分别获取两所学校的基线和终期资料.调查统一采用国家控烟办公室设计制作的《中学生有关吸烟行为调查问卷》.结果 中学生尝试吸烟率为21.6％,首次吸烟主要发生在12岁及以上,原因主要为聚会时和伙伴在一起吸,家里拿的、自己买的和同学朋友给的,中学生首次吸烟的地点主要在学校、娱乐场所(网吧、游戏厅)和街上,绝大部分学生均表示出首次吸烟后有再吸意向.从控烟措施实施前后行为的改变来评价控烟效果.干预学校学生劝说戒烟行为和拒烟行为发生率均达到了90％以上,比干预前有较大提高,而最近1周和3个月吸烟率分别下降到10.0％和2.0％以下.结论 中学生尝试吸烟率为21.6％,首次吸烟原因主要是“同伴效应”,地点主要在学校、娱乐场所和大街,其第一根烟主要来自家里,多数学生有尝试吸烟后再吸意向.控烟措施实施后,干预学校学生的吸烟行为有明显好转,近期控烟效果显著.     

A型主动脉夹层术后脑部并发症危险因素分析

Ohjective Retrospectively analyze the risk factors of neurological complications of 160 patients with type A aortic dissection who underwent surgical repalr using cerebral peffusion under deep hypothemia circulatory arrest and to sum the experience of cerebral protection. Methods From January 2004 to January 2006,160 patients with type A dissection underwent surgical repair with cerebral perfusion and DHCA. There were 106 male petients ond 54 female with age from 17 to 76 years old [mean, (56±13) years old]. Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) through axillary artery was performad for 131 patients and retrograde cerebra l perfusion (RCP) from superior caval vein for 29 patients. Emergency surgery was perfomed in 83(51.8%) patients who were suf- fered from acute type A dissection, and the others were chronic elective surgery. All the factors underwent univariaare and multivariate analysis. Results Mean cardionpulmonary bypass (CPB) duration was (188± 57) minutes and mean cerebral perfusion time was (36±16) minuties. Sixteen patieats died in hospital and the in-hospital mortality was 10.0%. Deaths were due to multiple argan fail- ure in 9 patients, respiratory failure in 2, low cardiac output syndrome in 2, bloeding in 2, aeptic shock in 1. Postoperative respirato- ry dysfunction were observed in 22 (13.7%) parley. Postoperative renal failure happened in 20(12.5%) patients. Postoperative low cardiac output appeared in 8(5.0%) patients. Penmanent neurological deficits occurred in 8(5.0%) petients. The preopertive renal dysfunction (OR= 11.71, P=0.005), coronary artery disease (OR= 7.35, P =0.035), eet～ml vasenlar disease (OR= 13.39, P=0.021) and postoperative low cardinc ontput (OR=22.21, P=0.008) were found robe the relative risk factor. Tran- sient neurological deficts(TND) were noted in 32 patients. Over seventy years old (OR=1.17, P=0.042) was the independent risk predictors. Surgery procedures, CPB time, cross-clamp time, cerebral perfusion time, methods for cerebral perfusion, filtration used or not, the esophageal temperature and the bladder temperature and the hematocrit (HCT) during CA did not significantly influence the cerebral outcomes.Conclusion In our experience, cerebral perfusion duration within the limits of safe time and the methods of cerebral perfusion did not influence the neurological outcomes which depended on the severity of the underlying disease and on the function of end-organs. Protection of all the end-organs would be helpful to the cerebral protection.     

青春期多囊卵巢综合征患者胰岛素抵抗及糖代谢异常的分析

目的 分析青春期多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者胰岛素抵抗(IR)及糖代谢异常的发生情况.方法 PCOS组为15～19岁诊断为PCOS的患者141例,对照组为年龄匹配、月经规则、无糖尿病家族史的女中学生266名.对照组测定空腹胰岛素(FINS)及空腹血糖(FIG),计算稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),取对照组FINS及HOMA-IR 75%位点值为生理高限值.将PCOS患者分为肥胖(OB-PCOS)及非肥胖(NOB-PCOS)组,均行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT).结果 FINS生理高限值为13.13mIU/L,HOMA-IR为2.69.PCOS组FINS[(17.68±16.13对10.40±5.33)mIU/L,P<0.01]及HOMA-IR(2.64±2.01对2.01±1.61,P<0.01)均高于对照组,其中OB-PCOS组FINS[(22.04±18.01对13.06±12.60)mIU/L,P<0.01]及HOMA-IR(4.62±3.87对2.38±2.26,P<0.01)高于NOB-PCOS组.PCOS组中FINS和HOMA-IR超过生理高限值的患者分别有75例(53.19%)和67例(47.52%),其中79例OB-PCOS患者中FINS和HOMA-IR超过生理高限值的患者有56(70.89%)和52(65.82%)例;62例NOB-PCOS患者中有19(30.65%)和15(24.19%)例.PCOS组发生糖尿病2例(1.42%),2例FINS及HOMA-IR均升高;糖耐量受损(IGT)患者12例(8.51%),11例患者FINS和HOMA-IR均升高.结论 青春期PCOS患者普遍存在病理性IR,尤其在肥胖型PCOS患者中更严重、更常见,其中部分患者已发生糖代谢异常.     

糖化血红蛋白与空腹血糖变化的关系探讨

目的探讨糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）gn空腹血糖（FPG）变化的关系。方法对291例糖尿病患者同时测定空腹血糖和糖化血红蛋白,英国DS5糖化血红蛋白分析仪用低压阳离子交换色谱法联合梯度规避法测定糖化血红蛋白,日立7080全自动生化分析仪用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定空腹血糖。结果糖化血红蛋白与空腹血糖存在正相关关系,FPG越高,HbA1c增高越多。结论糖化血红蛋白是衡量血糖控制水平的重要指标,对控制糖尿病的发展及其并发症的发生极为重要。     

丽水市中心医院产KPC酶肺炎克雷伯菌的分子流行病学研究

目的明确丽水市中心医院产KPC酶肺炎克雷伯菌的分子流行病学特征,为临床抗感染治疗提供实验依据。方法收集2011年3月至2015年10月丽水市中心医院分离的碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药肺炎克雷伯菌（CR-KP）。采用Vitek2-compact系统鉴定菌株并联合纸片扩散法（K-B法）检测其药敏,改良Hodge试验检测碳青霉烯酶;PCR法扩增KPC基因,测序后利用BLAST比对确定基因型;肠杆菌科基因间重复序列分型法（ERIC-PCR）联合多位点序列分型（MLST）鉴定菌种同源性;进而探讨产KPC酶肺炎克雷伯菌的分子流行病学特征。结果共收集到70株CR-KP,其中68株改良Hodge试验阳性,扩增产物测序结果均为blaKPC-2基因。ERIC-PCR结果显示,70株KPC型肺炎克雷伯菌分为A、B、C、D、E5个克隆群分别为63株(90.0%)、3株、2株、1株、1株;MLST分成6个ST型,其中ST11型63株（90.0%),ST35型2株,ST1型2株,ST592、ST1883、ST494型均1株。结论丽水市中心医院碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的主要克隆群为ST11型,是我院流行感染的主要原因。     

A型主动脉夹层术后脑部并发症危险因素分析

Ohjective Retrospectively analyze the risk factors of neurological complications of 160 patients with type A aortic dissection who underwent surgical repalr using cerebral peffusion under deep hypothemia circulatory arrest and to sum the experience of cerebral protection. Methods From January 2004 to January 2006,160 patients with type A dissection underwent surgical repair with cerebral perfusion and DHCA. There were 106 male petients ond 54 female with age from 17 to 76 years old [mean, (56±13) years old]. Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) through axillary artery was performad for 131 patients and retrograde cerebra l perfusion (RCP) from superior caval vein for 29 patients. Emergency surgery was perfomed in 83(51.8%) patients who were suf- fered from acute type A dissection, and the others were chronic elective surgery. All the factors underwent univariaare and multivariate analysis. Results Mean cardionpulmonary bypass (CPB) duration was (188± 57) minutes and mean cerebral perfusion time was (36±16) minuties. Sixteen patieats died in hospital and the in-hospital mortality was 10.0%. Deaths were due to multiple argan fail- ure in 9 patients, respiratory failure in 2, low cardiac output syndrome in 2, bloeding in 2, aeptic shock in 1. Postoperative respirato- ry dysfunction were observed in 22 (13.7%) parley. Postoperative renal failure happened in 20(12.5%) patients. Postoperative low cardiac output appeared in 8(5.0%) patients. Penmanent neurological deficits occurred in 8(5.0%) petients. The preopertive renal dysfunction (OR= 11.71, P=0.005), coronary artery disease (OR= 7.35, P =0.035), eet～ml vasenlar disease (OR= 13.39, P=0.021) and postoperative low cardinc ontput (OR=22.21, P=0.008) were found robe the relative risk factor. Tran- sient neurological deficts(TND) were noted in 32 patients. Over seventy years old (OR=1.17, P=0.042) was the independent risk predictors. Surgery procedures, CPB time, cross-clamp time, cerebral perfusion time, methods for cerebral perfusion, filtration used or not, the esophageal temperature and the bladder temperature and the hematocrit (HCT) during CA did not significantly influence the cerebral outcomes.Conclusion In our experience, cerebral perfusion duration within the limits of safe time and the methods of cerebral perfusion did not influence the neurological outcomes which depended on the severity of the underlying disease and on the function of end-organs. Protection of all the end-organs would be helpful to the cerebral protection.