陕西省2011-2013年防氟改水效果分析

为了做好陕西省“十二·五”期间防氟改水效果监测工作,进一步掌握饮水型氟中毒病情变化和防治措施落实情况,给及时调整防治策略提供理论依据,按照《陕西省饮水型氟中毒改水效果监测实施方案》进行了改水效果监测。     

2010年陕西省燃煤污染型氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 掌握陕西省燃煤污染型氟中毒病区病情变化,防氟炉灶的使用情况以及相关行为形成情况,评价防治效果,为上级决策提供理论依据.方法 2010年,选择陕西省安康、汉中市的3个县9个自然村作为监测村.在3个监测县实施改炉改灶的病区村中各抽取5个病区村,在抽中的每个病区村和9个监测点各抽取10户家庭,调查炉灶使用及相关行为转变情况.调查监测村所有8 ～ 12岁学生氟斑牙患病情况,氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,同时对8～ 12岁学生每年龄段采集10份尿样,检测尿氟,尿氟测定采用氟的离子选择电极法(WS/T 30-1996),依据《人群尿氟正常值》(WS/T 256-2005)进行评价.对监测村25周岁以上人群,按每个年龄段抽取20人,进行氟骨症X线检查,诊断采用《地方性氟骨症诊断标准》 (WS 192-2007).结果 铁炉、改良炉的合格户数和正确使用率、玉米辣椒的正确干燥率和保管率均较低,玉米、辣椒食用前的淘洗率均在95％以上;9个监测村检查儿童350人,氟斑牙检出率为59.71％(209/350);Ⅹ线共拍片871人,氟骨症检出率为17.22％(150/871);共采集儿童尿样350份,尿氟在0.07～ 2.02 mg/L,几何均数为0.66 mg/L.结论 陕西省燃煤型氟中毒呈流行态势,防氟炉具灶炉损坏现象较多,健康行为形成率较低.加强病情监测、健康教育和防氟炉具的后期管理工作是今后防治燃煤型氟中毒的关键.     

陕南煤矿煤炭氟砷含量调查

目的 了解陕南煤炭产区各主要煤矿煤炭的氟砷含量,为制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 于2006-2007年选择安康、汉中两市下辖的6个主要煤炭矿区县62个煤矿进行现场采样,以高温燃烧水解电极法测定煤氟;以原子荧光光度法测定煤砷.结果 62个被调查煤矿的煤氟含量最高值3 053.04 mg/kg,最小值6.58 mg/kg,算术均值为1 034.30mg/kg,几何均值为656.85 mg/kg;煤砷含量最高值484.71 mg/kg,最小值29.64 mg/kg,算术均值为197.64 mg/kg,几何均值为174.29 mg/kg.结论 本次调查的62个煤矿煤炭氟砷含量超标严重,尤以石煤矿为甚.

Abstract：

Objective Identify the arsenic and fluorin contents in coal from major producing coal mines in south of Shaanxi,providing a scientific foundation for the formulation of the prevention strategy.Methods In the 6 major coal mine areas governed by Ankang and Hanzhong city,the 62 mines with comparatively large production scales and sales locally,which may have some effective forces on the causing of the local arsenic and fluorin poisoning,were inveatigated,on-the-spot sampling are carried out,the fluorine in coal was determined by the combustion-hydrolysis/fluoride-ion selective electrode method and the arsenic in coal was determined by the atomic fluorescence.Results The maximum of the fluoride content in coal from the 62 investigated coal mines was 3 053.04 mg/kg,and the minimum was 6.58 mg/kg;the arithmetic mean was 1 034.30 mg/kg;the geometric mean was 656.85mg/kg;The maximum of arsenic content in coal was 484.71mg/kg.and the minimum was 29.64 mg/kg;the arithmetic mean was197.64 mg/kg,the geometric mean was 174.29 mg/kg.Conclusion The contents of fluoride and arsenic are seriously exceeded the standard limits in the 62 investigated coal mines.especially in stone coal mines.     

陕西省饮水氟砷测定实验室间质量控制结果与分析

目的评价实验室对饮水氟、砷分析的能力。方法参加实验室对2种质量浓度的氟、砷质控样品进行测定,采用方框图评价质控结果。结果对参考值为1．00、2．00 mg／L氟质控样品的测定结果分别为 (1．005±0．057)mg／L和(1．972±0．128)mg／L,室间相对标准差分别为5．0％和6．5％,室间相对误差分别为0．5％和1．4％;55个实验室中有50个合格,合格率为90．9％。对参考值为0．100、0．200 mg／L砷质控样品的测定结果分别为(0．098±0．022)和(0．196±0．043)mg／L,室间相对标准差为22．4％和21．9％,室间相对误差均为 2．0％;32个实验室中有29个合格,合格率为90．6％。结论通过饮水氟、砷测定室间质量控制,为陕西省饮水氟、砷筛查项目筛选出了合格的实验室。     

2001-2003年陕西省燃煤型氟中毒重点监测结果分析

目的掌握陕西省燃煤型氟中毒病情动态,评价防氟改灶效果。方法在监测点紫阳县柳良村测查8-12岁儿童氟斑牙和成人氟骨症患病情况,测定居室空气、玉米、辣椒含氟量和儿童尿氟水平。结果 2001-2003年儿童氟斑牙病情呈下降趋势,氟斑牙总检出率依次为87.93％、86．54％和78．79％,巾度以上氟斑牙检出率依次为58．62％、50．00％和39．39％,中度以上氟斑牙构成比依次为66．67％、57．78％和50．00％。儿童尿氟呈波动式下降(F=16．565,P<0．01)。3年来辣椒氟污染程度有所下降,室内空气、玉米氟污染未见减轻。结论防氟改灶是预防燃煤污染型氟中毒流行的有效措施,加强健康教育和炉灶管理工作是促使防氟改灶取得更好成效的重要环节。     

2005年陕西省饮用高砷水筛查和砷中毒病情调查

目的筛查陕西省饮用水含砷量,调查砷中毒病情。方法在存在高砷水成因的村,按东、西、南、北、中5个方位,采集20份水源水,水砷采用二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸银分光光度法或砷化氢发生原子荧光光谱法测定：在水砷超过0.05mg／L的村,进行砷中毒流行病学调查。对人群中砷中毒病人的调查,按国家地方性砷中毒诊断标准进行诊断。结果在1893份水源水中,有12份含砷量超过0,05mg／L,分布于商洛市所属3个村,暴露人口3148人。饮用高砷水人群砷中毒的临床检出率为37．0％。结论矿物冶炼和开采引起水砷污染,导致砷中毒在陕西省商洛市流行。     

尿碘检测废液中砷的处理方法研究

目的 研究简单高效的处理方法去除尿碘检测废液中的高砷,以达到国家砷排放标准,保护环境.方法 采用氢氧化钙-硫酸亚铁混凝二次沉降法处理检测废液,二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸银分光光度法检测含砷量.结果 一级处理加氢氧化钙72.0g/L,硫酸亚铁51.6 g/L;二级处理加氢氧化钙1.0 g/L,硫酸亚铁4.5g/L.经二级处理后检测废液pH值为6.67,含砷量低于0.33 mg/L,砷去除率高达99.99%以上,可安全排放.结论 本方法可作为<尿中碘的砷铈催化分光光度测定方法>(WS/T 107-2006)方法的补充,去除尿碘检测废液中的高砷,达到国家砷排放标准,建议在尿碘测定实验室推广,减少砷污染的危害.     

两种空气氟含量测定方法的对比分析

目的对2种先后用于地方性氟中毒病区空气氟监测的采样及测定方法进行比较,了解它们的差异和内在关系。方法在病区现场随机抽取22户,以2种方法使用2种采样器,同时、等距、等高、尽可能靠近、但又不致产生相互影响的位置采集空气样品34份,然后按各自方法进行实验室分析和对所得结果进行统计学分析。结果两方法间显著性检验P>0·05,相关系数r=0·7752,其显著性检验P<0·01;国标法(X)与手册法(Y^)间的回归方程为^Y=1·1623X+0·0008,回归系数的显著性检验P<0·01。结论两种方法间不存在显著性差异;它们呈中度正相关关系;且有直线回归关系;空气中氟化物附着在不同粒度悬浮颗粒上的氟分布应不相同;国标法更适用于燃煤污染经多途径对人群造成综合危害的研究;而手册法则对空气氟经由呼吸道对人群造成危害的研究更为有效,手册法测定结果一般而言略高于国标法。     

陕西省麻风流行病学现状:诊断延迟和高畸残率

目的:了解陕西省1998-2018年麻风的流行病学现状,特别是诊断延迟和畸残情况.方法:通过全国麻风防治管理信息系统(LEPMIS)收集陕西省1998-2018年麻风患者资料,采用SPSS 19.0软件对新/复发病例年发现率、年患病率等相关因素进行χ²检验.结果:陕西省1998-2018年共发现新、复发麻风542例,年发现率从1998年的0.092/10⁵下降到2018年的0.029/10⁵,年患病率从10.309/10⁵下降到0.134/10⁵,均呈下降趋势.477例新发麻风,2例14岁儿童病例,148例(31%)为2级畸残.新发病例的平均诊断延迟期2018年(47.6个月)比1998年(64.0个月)减少25.63%.结论:陕西省麻风流行状态总体呈下降趋势,但2级畸残率高且出现儿童病例,需继续强化麻风的早期诊断和治疗,缩短诊断延迟期,降低畸残率.     

2009年陕西省饮水型氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 掌握陕西省饮水型氟中毒改水工程运行情况及降氟效果,为饮水型氟中毒防治工作提供科学依据.方法 2009年对陕西省西安、宝鸡和榆林3个市16个县48个自然村进行监测.在未改水村按东、西、南、北、中采集5份水样,在已改水村采集3份末梢水和1份出厂水,用氟化物离子选择电极法(GB/I'5750-2006)检测水氟.对监测村所有在校8～12岁儿童采用Dean法进行氟斑牙检查,16岁以上成人全部进行临床氟骨症检查,抽取30%的项目县,每个县选择1个村,对已诊断的临床氟骨症患者进行X线拍片检查,临床和X线氟骨症诊断采用<地方性氟骨症诊断标准>(WS 192-2007).每个村采集8～12岁儿童尿样30份、16岁以上成人尿样20份,用<尿中氟化物的测定离子选择电极法)(WS/T 89-1996)检测尿氟.结果 22处运行正常的改水工程中,出厂水超标8处,占36.36%(8/22);工程报废5处.共检测水样202份,已改水村出厂水和末梢水水氟中位数分别为0.72、0.62mg/L,水氟超标率分别为36.36%(8/22)、31.94%(23/72);未改水村水氟中位数为1.00 mg/L,水氟超标率为39.81%(43/108).8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为16.06%(367/2285),氟斑牙指数为0.30,流行程度为阴性;16岁以上成人临床氟骨症检出率为5.09%(1542/30 272),共有198人拍摄X线片,阳性68人,检出率为34.34%(68/198).共检测儿童尿样1051份,尿氟几何均数为0.95mg/L;共检测16岁以上成人尿样914份,尿氟几何均数为1.16 mg/L.结论 陕西省饮水型氟中毒流行范围较大,病情程度较为严重,防治任务还很艰巨.进一步加大病区改水力度,加强病情监测、健康教育和改水工程的管理工作是防治地方性氟中毒的关键.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the running conditions of the water improvement projects and the role of these projects in reducing fluoride in drinking-water type of fluorosis in Shaanxi province, and provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of the disease. Methods Forty-eight villages of 16 counties in Xi'an, Baoji, and Yulin cities of Shaanxi province were monitored in 2009. Five water samples were collected randomly in water unimproved monitoring villages by the position of east, west, south, north, and center parts. In water improved monitoring villages, 3 tap water and one source water samples were collected. Water fluoride was tested using fluoride ion selective electrode method according to the "Standard Testing Methods for Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750-2006). All school children aged 8 to 12 in monitored villages were examined their dental fluorosis using Dean criteria. All people over 16 years old were examined clinical skeletal fluorosis, and 30% of the project counties were randomly selected, then randomly selected one village among these counties, clinically diagnosed patients with skeletal fluorosis were examined again by X-ray using "Diagnostic Criteria of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis"(WS 192-2007). Urine samples of 30 children aged 8 to 12 and of 20 adults over the age of 16 were randomly collected, urinary fluoride was tested according to "the Determination of Urinary Fluoride by Ion Selective Electrode Method" (WS/T 89-19%). Results Of the 22 water improvement projects that in normal operation, fluoride level of 8 source waters exceeded the standard, accounting for 36.36%(8/22), and projects scrapped 5. Two hundred and two water samples were tested. In water improved historical diseased areas, the median of water fluoride of source water and tap water were 0.72,0.62 mg/L, respectively, and the average rate of water fluoride exceeded the standard ere 36.36%(8/22) and 31.94%(23/72), respectively. In water unimproved historical diseased areas, the median of water fluoride was 1.00 mg/L, and the average rate of water fluoride exceeded the standard was 39.81%(43/108). Detection rate of dental fluorosis among children aged 8 to 12 was 16.06% (367/2285), dental fluorosis index was 0.30, and the prevalence was negative. Detection rate of clinical skeletal fluorosis among adults over 16 years old was 5.09%(1542/30 272), a totally of 198 people had X-ray film taken, positive 68, the positive detection rate was 34.34%(68/198). One thousand and fifty-one copies of children's urine samples were tested, geometric mean of urinary fluoride was 0.95 mg/L; nine hundred and fourteen copies of adults urine samples were tested, geometric mean of urinary fluoride was 1.16 mg/L Conclusions Drinking-water type of fluorosis affects a large area in Shaanxi province, the disease is still serious, and the task of prevention remains very arduous. Further intensify the water improvement project in diseased areas, and strengthen disease monitoring, health education and water improvement project management is the key to prevention and control of endemic fluorosis.