Suppressed Cell-Mediated Immunity and Monocyte and Natural Killer Cell Activity Following Allogeneic Immunization of Women with Spontaneous Recurrent Abortion

Spontaneous recurrent abortion (SRA) has been treated by means of immunization with paternal or third-party white blood cells, yet the immunological basis for SRA and for the role of immunization protocols in pregnancy outcome remains controversial. To elucidate this question, nine women with SRA were immunized with paternal mononuclear cells and studied before and 2 weeks after immunization. Seven women who became pregnant gave birth to live newborns. Secretion of the T helper 1 cytokines IL-2 and interferon- by patients' mononuclear cells decreased, while production of IL-10 increased. The levels of natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity were markedly decreased. Monocyte functions such as secretion of IL-l, tumor necrosis factor a, IL-6, and cytotoxic activity decreased concurrently with elevations in IL-10 and transforming growth factor secretion. Production of IL-12, a pivotal regulatory cytokine, decreased. Furthermore, B7/1 expression on patients' mononuclear cells was downregulated. This resulted in a decrease in monocyte costimulatory activity of purified T cells with soluble anti-CD3, paralleled by a decline in allogeneic proliferative responses. These results suggest that the improved pregnancy success rate in women with SRA following immunization may be partly related to suppression of cell-mediated immunity and monocyte and natural killer cell activity.     

Endoscopic Occlusion of Tracheoesophageal Fistula in Ventilated Patients Using an Amplatzer Septal Occluder

Acquired tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is a challenging, life threatening condition. It most commonly appears in critically ill patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation, who cannot withstand open neck or chest surgery. An endoscopic technique could be better tolerated by these patients. We present our experience using a cardiac Amplatzer ASD septal occluder for an endoscopic TEF repair in ventilation-dependent patients. Two high risk patients underwent the procedure under general anesthesia and close respiratory monitoring. In one patient the device was inserted through the trachea and in the other through the esophagus. In both cases fistula closure was achieved for different periods of time allowing the patients a temporary relief of symptoms. The procedure was well tolerated by the patients, and no significant adverse effect documented. The technique was successful as a temporary solution for unstable patients with TEFs and should be considered as a treatment modality for similar patients.     

How should a nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma be monitored after debulking surgery?

Transsphenoidal surgery is the treatment of choice for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas but is seldom curative. Tumour progression rates are high in patients with postoperative remnants. Therefore, long-term monitoring is necessary to detect tumour growth, which may be asymptomatic or manifest with visual field defects and/or pituitary dysfunction. In view of the generally slow-growing nature of these tumours, yearly magnetic resonance imaging, neuro-ophalmologic and pituitary function evaluation are appropriate during the first 3–5 years after surgery. If there is no evidence for tumour progression during this period, testing intervals may be extended thereafter.