全文获取类型
收费全文 | 743篇 |
免费 | 48篇 |
国内免费 | 15篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 1篇 |
儿科学 | 58篇 |
妇产科学 | 14篇 |
基础医学 | 49篇 |
口腔科学 | 5篇 |
临床医学 | 51篇 |
内科学 | 85篇 |
皮肤病学 | 9篇 |
神经病学 | 18篇 |
特种医学 | 108篇 |
外科学 | 236篇 |
综合类 | 12篇 |
预防医学 | 18篇 |
眼科学 | 6篇 |
药学 | 35篇 |
肿瘤学 | 101篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 3篇 |
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 5篇 |
2020年 | 9篇 |
2019年 | 3篇 |
2018年 | 12篇 |
2017年 | 10篇 |
2016年 | 14篇 |
2015年 | 16篇 |
2014年 | 20篇 |
2013年 | 25篇 |
2012年 | 26篇 |
2011年 | 30篇 |
2010年 | 29篇 |
2009年 | 30篇 |
2008年 | 28篇 |
2007年 | 40篇 |
2006年 | 43篇 |
2005年 | 22篇 |
2004年 | 35篇 |
2003年 | 29篇 |
2002年 | 22篇 |
2001年 | 41篇 |
2000年 | 21篇 |
1999年 | 23篇 |
1998年 | 20篇 |
1997年 | 21篇 |
1996年 | 30篇 |
1995年 | 21篇 |
1994年 | 7篇 |
1993年 | 14篇 |
1992年 | 16篇 |
1991年 | 15篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 15篇 |
1988年 | 23篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 13篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 7篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有806条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Summary The effect of distension on adrenergic innervation was investigated in the rat urinary bladder. Bladders were distended for 3 h by forced diuresis and ballon obstruction, and specimens were taken from the bladder dome, body and neck for the demonstration of glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence of catecholamines. Depletion of catecholamines started after 10 h and was almost complete after 2 days. The fluorescence had recovered part way after 5–7 days and was practically normal after 21 days. Small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in the ganglia continued to leak catecholamines throughout the 21-day study period. The primary clinical success of distension therapy for the treatment of unstable bladder may be at least partly due to a reversible disturbance in the function of the adrenergic nerves, which have an excitatory alpha-adrenergic dominance in such cases, but the persistent leakage from SIF cells raises the question of whether distension causes prolonged disturbances in bladder function. 相似文献
2.
A new range of stand magnifiers has been released by the COIL company in the United Kingdom. Examination of these magnifiers reveals that they fail to deliver the rated magnifications labelled prominently on the appliances, as a result of the manufacturer's conformance with the requirements of the German DIN standard and the use of back vertex power (F'v) rather than equivalent dioptric power (Fm) of the magnifier. In this study we provide information on the optometric parameters of these new stand magnifiers that will assist the more accurate specification of improvements in vision expected from their use. 相似文献
3.
Temporal Changes in Micturition and Bladder Contractility after Sucrose Diuresis and Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Mellitus in Rats 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Teuvo L.J. Tammela Robert E. Leggett Robert M. Levin Penelope A. Longhurst 《The Journal of urology》1995,153(6):2014-2021
Studies were done to compare the acute effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and sucrose consumption on micturition, bladder mass and contractile responses of bladder strips to field stimulation and contractile agonists. Micturition changes occurred gradually in diabetic rats, reached maximal values within 7 to 14 days, and were accompanied by significant increases in bladder mass after 7 days. Bladder strips from diabetics responded to field stimulation, carbachol and KCl with significantly greater contractions than did those from controls within 7 days. Sucrose-drinking rats had maximal increases in fluid consumption and micturition frequency on the first night after starting treatment. Increases in micturition volumes were slower to develop than in diabetics. Bladder mass was significantly increased 30 and 60 days after starting sucrose treatment. Bladder strips from sucrose-drinking rats responded to field stimulation and carbachol with significantly greater contractions than did those from controls only after 60 days. Monitoring of drinking and micturition patterns established that diabetic rats drink and urinate during both the dark and light cycles. In contrast, control and sucrose-drinking rats drink and urinate principally at night. The results demonstrate that differences in bladder function between diabetic and sucrose drinking rats are apparent during the first month after treatment begins. The data suggest that the effects of diabetes and sucrose consumption on contractile bladder function are related to the diuresis-induced increases in bladder mass. 相似文献
4.
Intrascrotal adenomatoid tumors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
T L Tammela T J Karttunen H P M?k?r?inen P A Hellstr?m S I Mattila M J Kontturi 《The Journal of urology》1991,146(1):61-65
Adenomatoid tumors are regarded as uncommon neoplasms of the paratesticular tissues, probably of mesothelial origin. The majority of cases reported have involved the epididymis. We report our experience with 8 cases of testicular tumors and 11 of epididymal adenomatoid tumors during a 13-year period, and review the relevant literature. The incidence of adenomatoid tumors relative to all tumors in the testis was 6.9% (8 of 116), exceeding that of Leydig cell tumors, which were previously believed to be the most common benign testicular neoplasms. The adenomatoid tumors included 38% epididymal tumors (11 of 29). The clinical course of the tumors was benign, without recurrences. Local excision is regarded as the treatment of choice for epididymal and testicular adenomatoid tumors. 相似文献
5.
T L Tammela P A Hellstr?m S I Mattila P J Ottelin L J Malinen H P M?k?r?inen 《The Journal of urology》1992,147(6):1551-1553
Sclerotherapy with 5% ethanolamine oleate was used to treat 102 hydroceles in 100 patients and 63 spermatoceles in 58 patients. Scrotal ultrasound examination was performed before the sclerotherapy and at each followup visit. Of the hydroceles 98% were cured completely and 68% were cured after only 1 sclerosant instillation, while 60% of the spermatoceles resolved completely and 33% partially, with 7% failures. No hydroceles recurred during an average followup of 43 months, whereas spermatocele recurred in 4 patients more than 1 year after successful treatment, with a mean followup of 46 months. Approximately half of the patients experienced pain after treatment, 3 had infection and 2 had hematoma. No changes in the structure or size of the testicles were found by ultrasound during followup. Ethanolamine oleate sclerotherapy is a safe, effective and economical form of outpatient therapy that can be recommended as primary treatment for hydroceles in adults and as an alternative to surgery for spermatoceles with 1 to 3 cysts in elderly men in whom fertility is not important. 相似文献
6.
Postoperative urinary retention. II. Micturition problems after the first catheterization 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
T Tammela M Kontturi O Lukkarinen 《Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology》1986,20(4):257-260
198 out of 5220 surgical patients were catheterized because of unexpected postoperative urinary retention. In 39% of cases micturition succeeded after the first catheterization of the overdistended bladder, but 61% (58% of the males and 66% of the females) developed more copolicated voided problems. The volume of fluids given intravenously during anaesthesia, the volume of primary urinary retention and increasing age were predisposing factors for prolonged micturition difficulties. Hospitalization was protracted because of postoperative urinary retention in 21 patients, and for 20 males prostatic surgery was necessary to relieve persistent retention. 相似文献
7.
8.
Helin H Lundin M Lundin J Martikainen P Tammela T Helin H van der Kwast T Isola J 《Human pathology》2005,36(4):381-386
Gleason grading forms the basis of prognostic and therapeutic assessment in prostatic carcinoma despite its subjective nature and substantial interobserver variation. The accuracy of Gleason grading can be improved by the use of educational tools such as reference images. However, conventional microscopy images are of limited educational value because it is neither possible to view the sample at different magnifications nor to navigate into different areas of the specimen. This limitation can be overcome by the use of virtual microscopy, which allows viewing entire digitized microscope slides. We created an interactive Web site ( www.webmicroscope.net/gleason ) featuring a comprehensive set of prostatic needle biopsies as virtual slides, which can be viewed with a standard Web browser (Internet Explorer or Netscape). To evaluate the validity of Web-based virtual microscopy for Gleason grading, an experienced uropathologist (TK) scored a series of 62 biopsies from the original glass slides and 6 weeks later from virtual slides on the Web site using an ordinary desktop computer. The intraobserver agreement was excellent, with identical Gleason scores found in 48 of the 62 cases ( kappa = 0.73). The 14 remaining scores differed only by 1 point on the Gleason scale (2-10). The virtual slides were viewed by 2 other uropathologists (PM and HH), with interobserver kappa coefficients ranging from 0.55 to 0.62, which is within the range of previously reported studies using glass slides. The 3 uropathologists' Gleason scores were included as reference scores on the Web site, which now serves as a publicly open platform for self-testing and learning of Gleason grading. We conclude that Web-based virtual microscopy is a promising new tool for teaching and standardizing Gleason grading. 相似文献
9.
10.
Abrams P Schäfer W Tammela TL Barrett DM Hedlund H Rollema HJ Matos-Ferreira A Nordling J Bruskewitz R Andersen JT Hald T Miller P Kirby R Mustonen S Cannon A Jacobsen CA Gormley GJ Malice MP Bach MA 《The Journal of urology》1999,161(5):1513-1517
PURPOSE: We assess the effect of finasteride, a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, on objective voiding parameters in men with lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic enlargement on digital rectal examination (known as clinical benign prostatic enlargement) in a double-blind placebo controlled multicenter study using strict standard pressure flow study techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A modification of the Abrams-Griffiths nomogram was used by 1 reader to ensure that all patients met objective criteria for bladder outlet obstruction at baseline. After performing a pressure flow study patients with obstruction were randomized 2:1 to receive 5 mg. finasteride (81) or placebo (40) daily. A second pressure flow study was performed at month 12. At baseline and month 12 free urinary flow studies and transrectal ultrasound were performed, and International Prostate Symptom Score questionnaires were completed. Patients were treated between May 1994 and July 1996. RESULTS: Finasteride caused a significant decrease (-8.1 cm. water) in detrusor pressure at maximum flow (p <0.05 versus placebo p = 0.02), increase (+1.1 ml. per second) in maximum flow rate (p <0.05 versus placebo p = 0.02) and decrease (-22.8%) in prostate volume (p <0.05 versus placebo p <0.001). Men with prostates larger than 40 cc had greater improvement in detrusor pressure at maximum flow (between group difference -14.5 cm. water, 95% confidence interval -26.2 to -2.6, p = 0.02) and maximum flow rate (mean treatment effect +1.6 ml. per second, 95% confidence interval -0.2 to 3.0, p = 0.02) compared to those with prostates 40 cc or less (between group differences not significant). CONCLUSIONS: Finasteride treatment resulted in improvements in urodynamic parameters, which were greater in men with large prostates. 相似文献