Prevalence of EBV infection in 1157 diseased cohorts in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a member of the herpesvirus family that is known to ubiquitously infect people worldwide. However, the actual prevalence of EBV infection in diseased patients in Nigeria, remains unknown. This study was thus conducted to ascertain the true prevalence.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis of published data was conducted according to the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were searched for studies reporting the occurrence of EBV infection among patients with established diseases. Studies were included if they assessed EBV infection in diseased patients in Nigeria. Data were extracted and subsequently analysed using R software. Funnel plot and Egger's regression test was used to assess publication bias, while JBI prevalence tool was used to assess study quality.ResultsA total of 13 studies covering 228 cases of EBV infection among 1157 diseased patients were included. Summary estimates were computed using random-effects model. The pooled prevalence of EBV infection was 20.3% (95% CI: 10.8–34.9, I² ?= ?92.26, p ?< ?0.001). When stratified according to the type of disease, higher estimates were obtained for patients suffering from Kaposi's sarcoma (98.7%, 95% CI: 82.2–99.9) and Nasopharyngeal malignancy (85.7%, 95% CI: 70.0–93.9). A prevalence of 13.4% (95% CI: 6.0–27.4) and 12.2% (95% CI: 4.8–27.8) was derived for the most reported patient populations, lymphoma and HIV, respectively.ConclusionThis first meta-analysis on the prevalence of EBV among Nigerian patients suffering from various diseases reveals a prevalence that emphasises the need to routinely monitor EBV infection in all EBV-associated diseases in Nigeria.     

Sarcopenia is associated with increased severe postoperative complications after colon cancer surgery

IntroductionStudies have shown that sarcopenia is associated with poor outcomes in patients with gastrointestinal cancer undergoing surgery. We aimed to investigate the relationship between postoperative complications of sarcopenic patients who had been operated on for colon cancer and the effects on short-term mortality.Material and methodsIn this study, patients who had undergone colon cancer surgery between January 2013 and December 2018 were collected retrospectively. Sarcopenia was diagnosed by the skeletal muscle index (SMI) derived from a preoperative computed tomography scan. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether sarcopenia is associated with postoperative major complications (POMC).ResultsThe study included 160 patients with a mean age of 62.4 ±12.6 years. Clavien-Dindo grade 1–2 (minor) complications were not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.896). However, grade ≥ 3 (major) complications were detected in 13 (17.8%) patients in the sarcopenic group (SG) and in 5 patients in the non-sarcopenic group (NSG) (5.7%) (p = 0.016). Length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay was longer in SG (p = 0.002) and there was no difference between 1-month and 6-month mortality rates (p = 0.273 and p = 0.402, respectively). According to univariate analyses, sarcopenia and age over 65 years were related to POMC. In multivariate analyses, sarcopenia (odds ratio = 3.039; 95% confidence interval 1.008–9.174; p = 0.048) and advanced age (odds ratio = 3.246; 95% confidence interval 1.078–9.803; p = 0.036) were found to be independent risk factors for POMC.ConclusionsThis study showed that while sarcopenia is a risk factor for POMC, sarcopenia also prolongs the duration of ICU stay. Also sarcopenia has no effect on short-term mortality.     

Scanning electron microscopic assessment of coating irregularities and their precursors in unexpanded durable polymer‐based drug‐eluting stents

Objectives : To assess and quantify coating irregularities on unexpanded and expanded durable polymer‐based drug‐eluting stents (DES) to gain insights into the origin of coating irregularities. Background: Previous scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies in various expanded DES revealed differences in frequency and size of coating irregularities between DES types and specific distribution patterns, however, the origin of these irregularities is unclear. Methods: We assessed at bench side a total of 1,200 SEM images obtained in 30 DES samples (15 expanded and 15 unexpanded) of Cypher Select Plus, Taxus Liberté, Endeavor, Xience V, and resolute. Results: For most coating irregularities seen on expanded DES (72%; 23/32), a matching irregularity (n = 18/23) and/or its precursor (n = 11/23) was observed in unexpanded DES. Unexpanded Cypher select showed (small) crater lesions and cracks together with precursors of “peeling.” On unexpanded Taxus Liberté, thinning of polymer, small bare metal areas, wrinkles, and one precursor type were found. Unexpanded endeavor showed cracks, small bare metal areas, crater lesions, and precursors of the latter. Unexpanded Xience V and resolute mainly revealed crater lesions and their precursors. On unexpanded versus expanded DES, there was no difference in measured frequency of coating irregularities and precursors (P = ns) with the exception of more bare metal areas on expanded Taxus Liberte (P = 0.01). Conclusions : Most coating irregularities, or the potential to develop them, are inherent to the unexpanded DES. Important determinants of the formation of coating irregularities may be the stent geometry and the physical properties of the coating, while stent‐balloon interaction plays no major role. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Urinary mineral excretion in healthy Iranian children

The purpose of this study was to determine normal reference values for urinary calcium/creatinine (Ca/Cr), phosphate/creatinine (P/Cr), magnesium/creatinine (Mg/Cr), sodium/creatinine (Na/Cr), potassium/creatinine (K/Cr), sodium/potassium (Na/K), calcium/sodium (Ca/Na), and uric acid/creatinine ratios in healthy Iranian children. Nine hundred and ninety children (515 boys, 475 girls) aged 1 month to 14 years were studied. Two non-fasting random urine specimens (1 week apart) from each subject and 24-h urine collections from 114 children were analyzed for Ca, P, Mg, uric acid, Na, K, and Cr. Urinary Ca/Cr, P/Cr, Mg/Cr, Na/Cr, K/Cr, Na/K, Ca/Na, and uric acid/creatinine ratios were determined from each sample. Non-fasting Ca/Cr, P/Cr, Na/Cr, K/Cr, Na/K, Ca/Na, and uric acid/creatinine ratios were not significantly different between the sexes (P>0.05). Urinary Mg/Cr ratios were higher in girls than boys (P<0.001). No significant relationships were found between urinary Ca/Cr and urinary Na/Cr, urinary Ca/Cr and urinary Na/K, and urinary Ca/Cr and urinary Ca/Na (P>0.05). The P/Cr values showed a gradual decrease with age (from mean+/-SD 0.962+/-0.172 mg/mg at 1 month of life to 0.318+/-0.124 mg/mg at 14 years) (P<0.05). The Ca/Cr ratio was highest between 6 months and 3 years (mean+/-SD=0.047+/-0.041 mg/mg). Following a moderate decrease it stabilized by the age of 7 years (mean+/-SD=0.038+/-0.044 mg/mg). Urinary ratios of Mg/Cr were significantly higher in children under 10 years (mean+/-SD=0.042+/-0.015 mg/mg) compared with the 11- to 14-year age group (mean+/-SD=0.031+/-0.001 mg/mg) (P<0.05). The uric acid/creatinine ratios decreased from 0.060+/-0.077 mg/mg in those less than 7 years to 0.041+/-0.033 in the 11- to 14-year group. Urinary Na/Cr ratios were significantly lower in younger age groups compared with the older age group (P<0.05). Urinary K/Cr ratio was highest in younger children, and then steadily decreased with age. There was no correlation between 24-h urinary Ca and Na excretion. The mean Ca/Na ratios significantly decreased with advancing age (P<0.05). The solute/creatinine ratios in the non-fasting urine samples correlated well with the 24-h solute excretion. We provide reference values for urinary Ca/Cr, P/Cr, Mg/Cr, Na/K, K/Cr, and uric acid/creatinine ratios in normal Iranian children. A child's age and ethnicity should be taken into consideration when assessing the urinary solute/creatinine ratios.     

初探毒物代谢酶基因多态性和慢性苯中毒预后的关系

[目的 ]探讨慢性苯中毒工人在脱离苯作业后白细胞水平仍然低下的影响因素。 [方法 ]对 12 0例曾经苯中毒者 ,按外周血白细胞计数 ,分为 <4× 10 9/L和≥ 4× 10 9/L两组 ,比较两组之诊断年龄、接苯工龄、体质指数 (BMI)均数和CYP2E1、MPO、NQO1、GSTM1和GSTT1各基因型的构成比 ,并用Logistic回归构建苯中毒预后的风险模型。 [结果 ]白细胞 <4× 10 9/L的苯中毒工人的BMI低于白细胞≥ 4× 10 9/L的苯中毒工人的BMI(2 1 40± 2 76与 2 3 0 9± 3 3 6,P =0 0 1)。回归模型表明GSTT1缺失型的个体接触苯时 ,苯中毒的危险性是GSTT1阳性型的 4 45倍 (95 %CI :1 13 13～ 17 5 45 9)。[结论 ]提示苯作业工龄、BMI和GSTT1基因型可能是慢性苯中毒工人预后的影响因素     

CYP2E1和MPO基因单核苷酸多态性对慢性苯中毒危险性的影响

[目的 ]本文旨在探讨CYP2E1(cytochromeP45 0 2E1)和MPO(myeloperoxidase)基因单核苷酸多态性与苯中毒易感性的关系。 [方法 ]以 15 6名慢性苯中毒工人作为病例组 ,以 15 2名接触苯而未中毒的工人作为对照组。用PCR、测序和DHPLC等分子生物学技术检测CYP2E1和MPO基因上的SNP ,比较病例组、对照组间的差别。 [结果 ]在男性苯中毒者中 ,MPO基因的c . 463G/A基因型的比例为 2 2 95 % ,高于对照组的 7 14 % (OR =3 87,95 %CI :1 0 8～ 15 0 9,P <0 0 5 )。在经常吸烟的研究对象中 ,携带CYP2E1基因c . 12 93G/C或C/C基因型的个体发生苯中毒的危险性是G/G基因型的 3 3 0倍 (95 %CI :0 88～ 12 71,P <0 0 5 )。 [结论 ]具有CYP2E1基因c . 12 93C/C或C/G基因型而又经常吸烟的个体可能对苯中毒性较易感。男性苯中毒者MPO基因c . 463G/A基因型高频率与理论推断不符 ,提示苯中毒的发生可能是多基因、多因素 (如生活方式等 )相互作用的结果