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This paper describes the tragic case of a young woman who died of cancer of
the colon after successfully donating eggs to her younger sister. Although
there is no direct link between her operation and the subsequent
development of bowel carcinoma, this case imparts a feeling of unease when
seen in conjunction with other cases reported during the last few years. It
is a reminder that little is known of the long-term consequences of some
aspects of assisted conception. Women undergoing ovarian stimulation for
themselves or a matched recipient have the right to be advised, in an
agreed format, that there is some concern about unproven potential risks
from the stimulatory drugs. The safety of egg donors must assume priority
over all other considerations, including lack of donors or any moral
position. The recent decision by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology
Authority (HFEA) to withdraw any form of payment or recompense to egg
donors does not seem to us to be based on a balance of scientific advances,
patient needs and the ethics of gamete supply. They state that the
intention to withdraw payments was implicit in the 1990 Human Fertilisation
and Embryology (HFE) Act. However the Act was based on the Warnock report
made 6 years earlier. Even in 1990 ovum donation was uncommon and fertility
drugs had not yet caused any unease. The Act provided the HFEA with
discretionary powers to issue directions so that the future policies would
be consistent with any emerging new medical evidence. It is imperative that
the HFEA provide convincing evidence on how the current policy of payment
to donors harms society, donors or recipients, and how in the UK the new
policy will improve medical practice in assisted conception. Successful
pilot studies must precede the implementation of any new policy. Failure to
do this could cause irreversible harm to the practice of assisted
conception using donor gametes, which will ultimately be against the basic
aims of the 1990 HFE Act.
相似文献
6.
Mutations in the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor gene cause autosomal dominant and sporadic hypoparathyroidism 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Baron J; Winer KK; Yanovski JA; Cunningham AW; Laue L; Zimmerman D; Cutler GB Jr 《Human molecular genetics》1996,5(5):601-606
Parathyroid hormone secretion is negatively regulated by a 7- transmembrane
domain, G-protein coupled Ca(2+)-sensing receptor. We hypothesized that
activating mutations in this receptor might cause autosomal dominant
hypoparathyroidism (ADHP). Consistent with this hypothesis, we identified,
in two families with ADHP, heterozygous missense mutations in the
Ca(2+)-sensing receptor gene that cosegregated with the disorder. None of
50 normal controls had either mutation. We also identified a de novo,
missense Ca(2+)-sensing receptor mutation in a child with severe sporadic
hypoparathyroidism. The amino acid substitution in one ADHP family affected
the N-terminal, extracellular domain of the receptor. The other mutations
involved the transmembrane region. Unlike patients with acquired
hypoparathyroidism, patients with these mutations had hypercalciuria even
at low serum calcium concentrations. Their greater hypercalciuria
presumably reflected activation of Ca(2+)-sensing receptors in kidney
cells, where the receptor negatively regulates calcium reabsorption. This
augmented hypercalciuria increases the risk of renal complications and thus
has implications for the choice of therapy.
相似文献
7.
Needle biopsy of renal allografts: comparison of two techniques 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Bogan ML; Kopecky KK; Kraft JL; Holladay AO; Filo RS; Leapman SB; Thomalla JV 《Radiology》1990,174(1):273-275
Two techniques for renal allograft biopsy were retrospectively evaluated to compare relative safety and efficacy. After ultrasound (US) localization of the kidney and biopsy with a hand-held 14-gauge cutting needle, an adequate specimen was obtained in 74 of 77 cases (96%). Major complications occurred in six of these 77 cases (8%). One hundred four biopsies were performed by using a smaller 18-gauge cutting needle with a spring-loaded biopsy "gun" and real-time US guidance. With this newer technique, specimens adequate for diagnosis were obtained in 99 biopsies (95%). There was a single major complication with this technique (1%). The 18-gauge needle with real-time US guidance yields comparably adequate specimens with a lower frequency of complications. 相似文献
8.
- The prostanoid receptor(s) that mediates inhibition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) generation from human peripheral blood monocytes was classified by use of naturally occurring and synthetic prostanoid agonists and antagonists.
- In human monocytes that were adherent to plastic, neither prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) nor the stable prostacyclin and thromboxane mimetics, cicaprost and U-46619, respectively, promoted the elaboration of TNFα-like immunoreactivity, as assessed with a specific ELISA, indicating the absence of excitatory prostanoid receptors on these cells.
- Exposure of human monocytes to LPS (3 ng ml−1, ∼ EC84) resulted in a time-dependent elaboration of TNFα which was suppressed in cells pretreated with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), PGE2 and cicaprost. This effect was concentration-dependent with mean pIC50 values of 7.14, 7.34 and 8.00 for PGE1, PGE2 and cicaprost, respectively. PGD2, PGF2α and U-46619 failed to inhibit the generation of TNFα at concentrations up to 10 μM.
- With respect to PGE2, the EP-receptor agonists, 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 (non-selective), misoprostol (EP2/EP3-selective), 11-deoxy PGE1 (EP2-selective) and butaprost (EP2-selective) were essentially full agonists as inhibitors of LPS-induced TNFα generation with mean pIC50 values of 6.21, 6.02, 5.67 and 5.59, respectively. In contrast to the results obtained with butaprost and 11-deoxy PGE1, another EP2-selective agonist, AH 13205, inhibited TNFα generation by only 21% at the highest concentration (10 μM) examined. EP-receptor agonists which have selectivity for the EP1- (17-phenyl-ω-trinor PGE2) and EP3-receptor (MB 28,767, sulprostone) were inactive or only weakly active as inhibitors of TNFα generation.
- Pretreatment of human monocytes with the TP/EP4-receptor antagonist, AH 23848B, at 10, 30 and 100 μM suppressed LPS-induced TNFα generation by 10%, 28% and 77%, respectively, but failed to shift significantly the location of the PGE2 concentration-response curves.
- Given that AH 13205 was a poor inhibitor of TNFα generation, studies were performed to determine if it was a partial agonist and whether it could antagonize the inhibitory effect of PGE2. Pretreatment of human monocytes with 10 and 30 μM AH 13205 inhibited the generation of TNFα by 31% and 53%, respectively, but failed to shift significantly the location of the PGE2 concentration-response curves at either concentration examined.
- Since PGD2 and 17-phenyl-ω-trinor PGE2 (EP1-agonist) did not suppress TNFα generation, the EP1/EP2/DP-receptor antagonist, AH 6809, was employed to assess if EP2-receptors mediated the inhibitory effect of PGE2. Pretreatment of human monocytes with 10 μM AH 6809 did not affect LPS-induced TNFα generation but produced a parallel 3.5 fold rightwards shift of the PGE2 concentration-response curve.
- Collectively, these data suggest that human peripheral blood monocytes express at least two distinct populations of inhibitory prostanoid receptors that mediate inhibition of LPS-induced TNFα generation. One of these probably represents IP receptors based upon the selectivity of cicaprost for this subtype. The other population has the pharmacology of EP-receptors, but the rank order of potency for a range of synthetic EP-receptor agonists was inconsistent with an interaction with any of the currently defined subtypes. Given the pharmacological behaviour of butaprost, AH 6809 and AH 23848B in these cells, we propose that multiple (EP2- and/or EP4- and/or IP) or novel EP-receptors mediate the inhibitory effect of PGE2 on TNFα generation.
9.
Eighty four out of 2151 militancy trauma patients sustained severe maxillofacial injury from Jan 1990 to March 1993. The resuscitation, stabilisation and intensive care of these patients was based on management priorities of primary resuscitation, care of airway, management of haemodynamics, oxygenation and monitoring. Anaesthesia was administered in a situation when the airway was likely to be compromised and the patients were critically sick. Initial ventilation and oxygenation was the most difficult and could be achieved with satisfactory seal around the face mask by applying water-soaked guaze pieces around the mouth and nose to “fill-in” the defects. Tracheal intubation could be accomplished with intravenous sedation by an experienced anaesthesiologist. Dental occlusion and wiring necessiated the placement of nasotracheal tube for 48-72 hours after surgery.KEY WORDS: Trauma, Maxillofacial injury, Trauma anesthesia, Anaesthesia and critical care 相似文献
10.
One hundred patients undergoing abdominal surgery were included in this prospective study. The role of local application of Betadine, use of synthetic sutures, and use of low pressure subcutaneous suction drainage were evaluated in preventing post-operative wound infection. The infection rate was 15 per cent with Betadine, 15.4 per cent with prolene, 20 per cent with subcutaneous suction drainage and 30.8 per cent in the control group.KEY WORDS: Surgical wound infection, Betadine, Sutures, Infection control 相似文献