The impact of two-dimensional versus three-dimensional ultrasound exposure on maternal-fetal attachment and maternal health behavior in pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of timing and type of ultrasound, particularly three-dimensional (3D), exposure on maternal-fetal attachment and maternal health behavior during pregnancy. METHODS: Subjects were 68 women aged 18 years or older expecting their first child who presented for a routine ultrasound scan at around either 12 or 18 weeks' gestation in Nepean Hospital, Western Sydney. Women completed questionnaires assessing maternal-fetal attachment and health behavior, and were then allocated arbitrarily to either two-dimensional (2D) or 3D ultrasound examination. Repeat questionnaires were completed 1 week later. RESULTS: Maternal-fetal attachment increased after both 2D and 3D ultrasound exposure, and the effect was moderated by the timing of exposure, with women receiving their first ultrasound examination at around 12 weeks showing the greatest change. Alcohol consumption was the only behavior to show significant change following ultrasound exposure, with a reduction in the reported average number of drinks per week. There was no significant difference in the pattern of change for 2D compared with 3D ultrasound exposure, and no effect of ultrasound exposure on maternal perception of the fetus. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound has a positive impact on maternal-fetal attachment, particularly in the first trimester. 3D ultrasound did not offer enhanced benefits. Associations between ultrasound exposure and alcohol consumption warrant further investigation. Larger samples are needed to clarify the moderating effects of gestational age and type of ultrasound exposure.     

Alcoholic ketoacidosis: a case report

A 43-year-old alcoholic presented in coma with ketoacidosis, after three days of nausea and feeling generally unwell, which had been preceded by a prolonged three-week period of heavy alcohol consumption with poor dietary intake. The acidosis responded rapidly to intravenous dextrose. This is the first Scottish report of a case of alcoholic ketoacidosis.     

Endoscopic T-tube placement in the management of lye-induced esophageal perforation: Case report of a safe treatment strategy

Esophageal perforation is associated with a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. We report herein a case of lye-induced esophageal perforation managed successfully by employing endoscopic T-tube placement with a successful outcome.     

Defenses of the hamster lung against human neutrophil and porcine pancreatic elastase

Instillation of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) into hamster lungs produces milder emphysema but more pulmonary hemorrhage than an equivalent amount of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE), whether equivalence is determined by elastolytic units or moles. We undertook a study of the mechanisms of these differences. 125I-HNE or 3H-PPE were instilled intratracheally into hamsters. The partitioning of radioactivity between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and lung tissue was similar for HNE and PPE as were the half-lives, 45 and 51 min, respectively, for uncomplexed, enzymatically active HNE and PPE. In BAL there was preferential binding and inactivation of HNE by the hamsters' alpha-1-protease inhibitor (a-1-PI) whereas PPE was preferentially bound by alpha-2-macroglobulin (a-2-M). This was also observed in vitro when HNE and PPE were incubated with plasma from untreated hamsters. Nevertheless, when the sum of the elastase binding capacity of a-1-PI and a-2-M was considered, hamster plasma had similar binding capacities for HNE and PPE. It is known that the enzymatic activity of elastases is inhibited by formation of a stable complex with a-1-PI. On the other hand, elastases bound to a-2-M are protected against a-1-PI inhibition but can free themselves by proteolysis and exhibit elastolytic activity. Preferential inactivation of HNE by a-1-PI may be one mechanism that accounts for the lesser emphysema-inducing potency of HNE than of PPE.     

Normative study of grip and wrist flexion strength employing a BTE Work Simulator

The BTE Work Simulator is used in strengthening and endurance programs providing objective information concerning a patient's progress from such programs. This study establishes normative data for grip and wrist flexion strength employing a BTE Work Simulator. For each part of this study, the right hand of 200 normal men between the ages of 30 and 40 years were tested. This study has established benchmark or reference values for the BTE Work Simulator. Normative values provide both objective data, for comparison of the patient to the general population, and long-term goals for which to strive during the rehabilitation process.     

Age-related changes in disposition and metabolism of benzene in male C57BL/6N mice.

Benzene disposition and metabolism were examined as a function of age in male C57BL/6N mice aged 3 and 18 months. Mice received a single oral dose of either 10 or 200 mg/kg 14C-benzene (approximately 25 microCi/kg). Excretion of 14C-derived benzene radioactivity (RA) was monitored in urine, feces, and as exhaled 14CO2 from 0 to 72 hr, and as exhaled unmetabolized benzene from 0 to 6 hr. At 10 mg/kg 14C-benzene, urinary elimination was the major route of excretion in both 3- and 18-month mice. Urinary excretion of 14C-derived benzene RA was significantly decreased in 18- vs. 3-month mice at 4, 6, 24, and 48 hr, while fecal excretion was significantly increased at 72 hr. Elimination of 14C-benzene as 14CO2 and unmetabolized 14C-benzene was also increased in 18- vs. 3-month mice at this dose. Hydroquinone glucuronide (HQG), phenylsulfate (PS), and muconic acid (MUC) were the major urinary metabolites at 10 mg/kg 14C-benzene in both 3- and 18-month mice, representing approximately 40, 28, and 15% of an administered dose of 14C-benzene. Smaller amounts of phenyl glucuronide (4.0%), pre-phenyl mercapturic acid (1.2%), and catechol glucuronide (0.5%) were also detected. No significant differences were found with age in the percentage of an administered dose of benzene excreted as the various metabolites at 10 mg/kg. At 200 mg/kg 14C-benzene, the total percentage of 14C-derived benzene RA eliminated in urine within 72 hr was not significantly different with age, but elimination at early time points (4, 6, and 8 hr) was significantly decreased in 18- vs. 3-month mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A quantitative analysis of valgus torque on the ACL: a human cadaveric study.

The loads needed to elicit a positive pivot shift test in a knee with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture have not been quantified. The coupled anterior tibial translation (ATT), coupled internal tibial rotation (ITR), and the in situ force in the ACL in response to a valgus torque, an inherent component of the pivot shift test, were measured in 10 human cadaveric knee specimens. Using a robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system, valgus torques ranging from 0.0 to 10.0 Nm were applied in nine increments on the intact and ACL-deficient knee in flexion ranging from 0 degrees to 90 degrees. At 15 degrees of knee flexion, the coupled ATT and ITR were significantly increased in the ACL-deficient knee when compared to the intact knee. Coupled ATT increased a maximum of 291% (6.7 mm, p<0.05), while coupled ITR increased a maximum of 85% (5.1 degrees, p<0.05). At 30 degrees, the increases in coupled ATT and ITR were significant at valgus loads of 3.3 Nm and greater with a maximum increase in coupled ATT of 137% (6.3 mm, p<0.05) and a maximum increase in coupled ITR of 38% (3.6 degrees, p<0.05). At 45 degrees, coupled ATT increased significantly (maximum of 69%, 4.4 mm, p<0.05), but only at torques > or =6.7 Nm. The in situ force in the ACL was less than 20 N for all flexion angles when a torque between 3.3 and 5.0 Nm was applied. Low valgus torque elicited tibial subluxation in the ACL-deficient knee with low in situ ACL forces, similar to a positive pivot shift test. Thus, application of a valgus torque may be suitable to evaluate ACL-deficient and ACL-reconstructed knees, since subluxation can be achieved with minimal harm to the ACL graft. This work is important in understanding one load component needed for the pivot shift examination; further studies quantifying other load components are essential for better comprehension of the in vivo pivot shift examination.